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Para el precursor de internet, ver Paul BaranPaul A. Baran fue un economista norteamericano conocido por sus puntos de vista marxistas. Nació en Rusia, pero hizo su carrera académica en Estados Unidos. Fue profesor en la Universidad de Stanford desde 1949 hasta 1964, cuando murió de un ataque cardiaco. A veces se le ha asociado a la escuela de pensamiento Neo-Marxista.

Baran nació en la Rusia Imperial. Su padre Abram Baran, era un médico menchevique natural de Vilna , casado con Rosaly Braude, nacida en Riga. Tras la Revolución de Octubre, los padres de Paul Baran deciden abandonar Rusia y establecerse en Polonia, adoptando esa nacionalidad en 1921. Desde Vilna la familia se trasladó a Dresde. En 1925 sus padres deciden regresar a Moscú, pero Paul se quedó en Alemania para terminar su escuela secundaria. En otoño de 1926 asistió al Instituto Plejánov de Economía de la Universidad de Moscú. En 1928 regresó a Alemania para trabajar como auxiliar de investigación del doctor Friedrich Pollock, en el Instituto de Investigación Social de Frankfurt. Recibió el Diplom-Volkswirt en 1931 de la Schlesische Friedrich-Wilhelm Universidad de Breslau. El siguiente escribió una disertación bajo Emile Lederer en la planificación económica, y recibió su doctorado de la Universidad de Berlín en 1933. Durante estos años en Alemania, conoció a Rudolf Hilferding, autor de “El capital financiero” y escribió bajo el seudónimo de Alejandro Gabriel para el periódico “Die Gesellschaft”, órgano del Partido Socialdemócrata Alemán .

Tras la llegada del régimen nazi llegó al poder, Baran se estableció en París y tras una breve estancia en la URSS y Vilna, con ocasión del pacto Molotov – Ribbentrop y justo antes de la invasión nazi de Polonia, emigró a los EE.UU., donde se inscribió en Harvard y recibió un título de maestría. A falta de fondos, abandonó el programa de doctorado y trabajó para el Instituto Brookings y luego por la Oficina de Administración de Precios y luego la Oficina de Servicios Estratégicos. Trabajó a las órdenes de John Kenneth Galbraith en el Strategic Bombing Survey . En 1946 comenzó a trabajar en el Banco de la Reserva Federal de Nueva York, en el departamento de asuntos británicos y soviéticos, puesto que abandonó en 1949 para trabajar en la Universidad de Stanford.

Se casó con Elena Djatschenko, y tuvo un hijo Nicolás , pero pronto se divorció.

A partir de 1949, fue un participante activo en la formulación de ideas editoriales y opiniones en la revista “Monthly Review”, editada por Paul Sweezy y Leo Huberman. Baran visitó Cuba en 1960, junto con Sweezy y Huberman, y mostró gran simpatía hacia la Revolución Cubana. En 1962 volvió a visitar Moscú, Irán y Yugoslavia. En sus últimos años trabajó en “El capital monopolista” junto con Sweezy aunque falleció antes de que la obra fuera terminada, a causa de un ataque al corazón en 1964. Paul Sweezy se encargaría de culminar la obra en 1964.

Paul Baran estudió en profundidad el problema del desarrollo económico. Es un precursor de las posteriores teorías de la dependencia.

En el libro de 1957 "La Economía Política del Crecimiento" analizó los motivos del subdesarrollo explicándolo como consecuencia del imperialismo y el colonialismo. Distinguía el papel de los sectores agrícola e industrial en los países subdesarrollados y pensaba que el desarrollo debería venir del sector industrial, pero concluyendo que el desarrollo no era posible por la falta de un mercado interior y por la competencia ejercida por los países desarrollados.

Otros trabajos destacados son:



The Political Economy of Underdevelopment: "La Economía Política del Subdesarrollo"

The Political Economy of Growth: "La Economía Política del Crecimiento"

The Commitment of the Intellectual

Monopoly Capital: An essay on the American economic and social order: "Capital Monopolista: Un ensayo de la economía americana y el orden social" , con Paul Sweezy

The Longer View: Essays toward a critique of political economy

The Political Economy of Neo-Colonialism: "La Economía Política del Neocolonialismo" Fue colaborador y colega de Paul Sweezy. Wikipedia  

✵ 25. agosto 1909 – 26. marzo 1964
Paul A. Baran: 24   frases 0   Me gusta

Paul A. Baran: Frases en inglés

“For it is no railways, roads, and power stations that give rise to industrial capitalism: it is the emergence of industrial capitalism that leads to the building of railways, to the construction of roads, and to the establishment of power stations.”

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Paul A. Baran

Fuente: The Political Economy Of Growth (1957), Chapter Six, Towards A Morphology Of Backwardness, I, p. 193

“Whatever market for manufactured goods emerged in colonial and dependent countries did not become the "eternal market" of these countries. Thrown wide open by colonization and by unequal treaties, it became an appendage of the "internal market" of Western capitalism.”

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Paul A. Baran

Fuente: The Political Economy Of Growth (1957), Chapter Six, Towards A Morphology Of Backwardness, I, p. 174

“As Hegel well knew, the ascent of reason has never followed a straight line.”

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Paul A. Baran

Fuente: The Political Economy Of Growth (1957), Chapter Eight, The Steep Ascent, p. 298

“It is in underdeveloped world that he central, overriding fact of our epoch becomes manifest to the naked eye: the capitalist system, once a mighty engine of economic development, has turned into a no less formidable hurdle to human advancement.”

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Paul A. Baran

Fuente: The Political Economy Of Growth (1957), Chapter Eight, The Steep Ascent, p. 249

“The principal impact of foreign enterprise on the development of the underdeveloped countries lies in hardening and strengthening the sway of merchant capitalism, in slowing down and indeed preventing its transformation into industrial capitalism.”

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Paul A. Baran

Fuente: The Political Economy Of Growth (1957), Chapter Six, Towards A Morphology Of Backwardness, I, p. 194

“If society has a technical need, that helps science forward more than ten universities.”

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Paul A. Baran

Fuente: The Political Economy Of Growth (1957), Chapter One, A General View, p. 20

“The desire to tell the truth is only one condition for being an intellectual. The other is courage, readiness to carry on rational inquiry to wherever it may lead … to withstand … comfortable and lucrative conformity.”

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Paul A. Baran

"The Commitment of the Intellectual," in The Longer View (1969), p. 14

“One would think that the record of already existing regulatory agencies is sufficiently eloquent in showing that it is Big Business that does the regulating rather than vice versa.”

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Paul A. Baran

Foreword To the 1962 Printing, p. xiv
The Political Economy Of Growth (1957)

“Schumpter's daring and dashing entrepreneur is now a legendary figure from the distant past - if not from the mythology of capitalism - or is to be found only in the demimonde of business, founding new ice cream parlors or "deep freeze subscription clubs."”

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Paul A. Baran

Fuente: The Political Economy Of Growth (1957), Chapter Three, Standstill And Movement Under Monopoly Capitalism, I, p. 77

“The process of writing is a process of learning; and much has become clearer to me in the attempt to transform my original rough notes into what I hope is an intelligible presentation.”

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Paul A. Baran

Preface To The first edition, p. ix
The Political Economy Of Growth (1957)

“In a capitalist country foreign trade, like any other trade, is carried on by individual firms, and individual firms cannot be guided in their activities by "global"considerations, by concern with the impact of their operations on the economy as a whole.”

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Paul A. Baran

Fuente: The Political Economy Of Growth (1957), Chapter Four, Standstill and Movement Under Monopoly Capitalism, II, p. 110

“They lived in abysmal misery, yet they had no prospect of a better tomorrow. They existed under capitalism, yet there was no accumulation of capital.”

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Paul A. Baran

Fuente: The Political Economy Of Growth (1957), Chapter Five, On The Roots Of Backwardness, p. 144

“Indeed, the "whole bourgeoisie" on whose behalf the government was acting as its "committee" was a composite of a vast multitude of businessmen appearing as a conglomeration of many different and divergent groups and interests.”

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Paul A. Baran

Fuente: The Political Economy Of Growth (1957), Chapter Four, Standstill and Movement Under Monopoly Capitalism, II, p. 93

“It has been estimated that even in the absence of net investment, the mere substitution of modern machinery for worn-out equipment in the United States would cause an annual productivity increase of approximately 1.5 percent.”

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Paul A. Baran

Fuente: The Political Economy Of Growth (1957), Chapter Four, Standstill and Movement Under Monopoly Capitalism, II, p. 88

“many seemingly independent businessmen or craftsman are more or less well paid retainers of larger corporations, such as the cobbler, operating a United States shoe machine or an automobile dealer holding a license of the General Motors Corporation.”

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Paul A. Baran

Fuente: The Political Economy Of Growth (1957), Chapter Four, Standstill and Movement Under Monopoly Capitalism, II, p. 84

“To contribute to the emergence of a society in which development will supplant stagnation, in which growth will take the place of decay, and in which culture will put an end to barbarism is the noblest, and, indeed, the only true function of intellectual endeavor.”

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Paul A. Baran

Fuente: The Political Economy Of Growth (1957), Chapter Eight, The Steep Ascent, p. 300

“The present Indian government, however, is neither able or willing to accept the challenge and to provide the leadership in breaking the resistance of urban and rural interests.”

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Paul A. Baran

Fuente: The Political Economy Of Growth (1957), Chapter Seven, Towards A Morphology Of Backwardness, II, p. 226

“In fact, all the additional knowledge gained by an irrationally constituted society may but enlarge and enhance the powers of death and destruction.”

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Paul A. Baran

Fuente: The Political Economy Of Growth (1957), Chapter Eight, The Steep Ascent, p. 299

“By elevating the dictum of the market to the role of the sole criterion of rationality and efficiency, economics denies even all "respectability" to the distinction between essential and non-essential consumption, between productive and unproductive labor, between actual and potential surplus.”

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Paul A. Baran

Fuente: The Political Economy Of Growth (1957), Chapter Two, The Concept Of the Economic Surplus, p. 25

“Much if not all we know about the complex mechanism responsible for the development (and stagnation) of productive forces, and for the rise and decay of social organizations, is the result of the analytical work undertaken by Marx and by those whom he inspired.”

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Paul A. Baran

Fuente: The Political Economy Of Growth (1957), Chapter One, A General View, p. 5

“But when reason and the study of history began revealing the irrationality, the limitations, and the merely transitory nature of the capitalist order, bourgeois ideology as a whole and with it bourgeois economics began abandoning both reason and history.”

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Paul A. Baran

Fuente: The Political Economy Of Growth (1957), Chapter One, A General View, p. 4

“Indeed, I find it illuminating to consider to what extent our "classical conditions" for economic growth are satisfied in the current, monopolistic phase of capitalism.”

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Paul A. Baran

Fuente: The Political Economy Of Growth (1957), Chapter Three, Standstill And Movement Under Monopoly Capitalism, I, p. 51

“The alarm must be sounded because it is the economic and social system of capitalism and imperialism that prevents the urgently needed full mobilization of the potential economic surplus and the attainment of rates of economic advancement that can be secured with its help.”

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Paul A. Baran

Fuente: The Political Economy Of Growth (1957), Chapter Seven, Towards A Morphology Of Backwardness, II, p. 244

“That the means of imperialist policy overshadow almost entirely its original ends has tremendous implications.”

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Paul A. Baran

Fuente: The Political Economy Of Growth (1957), Chapter Four, Standstill and Movement Under Monopoly Capitalism, II, p. 119