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Frases de Umar ibn al-Jattab

Úmar ibn al-Jattāb o simplemente Úmar u Ómar fue el segundo de los llamados «califas ortodoxos», la primera serie de gobernantes que tuvo el imperio islámico a la muerte de Mahoma y antes del establecimiento del Califato Omeya. Úmar sucedió a Abu Bakr y gobernó entre 634 y 644.

Según la versión sunnita, nació en La Meca, en el clan Banu Adi, responsable del arbitraje entre las tribus,[1]​ hacia el 581. Combatió en un primer momento contra Mahoma y los fieles de la nueva religión, pero más tarde se convirtió al islam y llegó a ser uno de los lugartenientes más fieles del profeta. Era además suegro de Mahoma, ya que este se casó con su hija Hafsa.[2]​

Una vez elegido califa, Ómar se enfrentó contra el Imperio bizantino y contra el Imperio Sasánida de Persia por mantener las conquistas que su predecesor Abu Bakr había logrado. Se lanzó a la conquista del Mediterráneo oriental, sentando las bases del imperio islámico que sus sucesores extenderían. Venció primero al Emperador bizantino Heraclio, que había organizado un ejército para recuperar Siria, en la Batalla de Yarmuk . La derrota fue tal que Bizancio no pudo reconstruir un ejército que impidiese la conquista de la provincia de Palestina en el año 638, ni posteriormente la provincia de Egipto en 642. Ómar se volvió entonces contra el Imperio sasánida, gobernado por Yazdgerd III, que preparaba ese mismo año una enorme ofensiva para recuperar el territorio de Irak, en un acontecimiento que se conoce como la Batalla de Nihavand o Nahavand . La derrota de los persas fue total. Perseguido por los ejércitos árabes, el rey Yazdgerd inició su huida hacia región de la India, lo que permitió la invasión y conquista de todo el Imperio.

En todos los territorios conquistados mantuvo las estructuras administrativas existentes y no intentó acabar con las creencias religiosas de sus habitantes, entre otras cosas porque puso a los no musulmanes bajo el estatuto de dimmíes o "protegidos", lo que les obligaba a pagar un impuesto específico que proporcionaba importantes ingresos al Estado islámico. Sus tropas eran mantenidas en un cierto aislamiento de la población en los lugares conquistados y las pagaba con el botín obtenido.

Ómar fue el primer califa que ostentó el título de Príncipe de los creyentes . Instituyó la era de la Hégira, por la que se rige el calendario musulmán, con inicio el 16 de julio del año 622. También mandó construir la famosa Cúpula de la Roca en Jerusalén, alrededor de la roca desde la que, según la tradición, Mahoma ascendió al cielo.

Murió asesinado el 4 de noviembre de 644[3]​ en la mezquita de Medina durante la oración de la mañana por un esclavo persa llamado Firūz. Le sucedió Uthmán. Wikipedia  

✵ 585 – 3. noviembre 644
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Umar ibn al-Jattab: Frases en inglés

“I know that you are just a stone and that you can neither do any harm nor give benefit. Had I not seen Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allâh be upon him) kissing you, I would not have kissed you.”

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Umar

Al-Bukhari and Muslim, Riyad as-Salihin, Book 1, Hadith 167 https://sunnah.com/riyadussaliheen/1/167.

“Remember, I have not appointed you as commanders and tyrants over the people. I have sent you as leaders instead, so that the people may follow your example.”

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Umar

As quoted in Omar the Great : The Second Caliph Of Islam (1962) by Muhammad Shibli Numani, Vol. 2, p. 33
Contexto: Remember, I have not appointed you as commanders and tyrants over the people. I have sent you as leaders instead, so that the people may follow your example. Give the Muslims their rights and do not beat them lest they become abused. Do not praise them unduly, lest they fall into the error of conceit. Do not keep your doors shut in their faces, lest the more powerful of them eat up the weaker ones. And do not behave as if you were superior to them, for that is tyranny over them.

“I will be harsh and stern against the aggressor, but I will be a pillar of strength for the weak.”

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Umar

As quoted in Al Farooq, Umar (1944) by Muhammad Husayn Haykal, Ch. 5, p. 124
Contexto: I will be harsh and stern against the aggressor, but I will be a pillar of strength for the weak.
I will not calm down until I will put one cheek of a tyrant on the ground and the other under my feet, and for the poor and weak, I will put my cheek on the ground.

“I advise you to fear Allah alone, with no partner of associate. I advise you to treat the first Muhâjireen well and acknowledge their seniority. I advise you to treat the Ansār well, and show approval of those among them who do well, and forgive those among them who make mistakes. I advise you to treat the people of the outlying regions well, for they are a shield against the enemy and conduits of fay; do not take anything from them except that which is surplus to their needs. I advise you to treat the people of the desert well, for they are the original Arabs and the protectors of Islam. Take from the surplus of their wealth and give it to their poor. I advise you to treat ahl adh-dhīmmah well, to defend them against their enemies and not burden them with more than they can bear if they fulfill their duties towards the believers or pay the Jizyāh with willing submission, and feel themselves subdued. I advise you to fear Allah and fear His wrath, lest you do anything wrong. I advise you to fear Allah with regard to the people, but do not fear the people with regard to Allah. I advise you to treat the people justly, and to devote yourself to looking after them and protecting them against their enemies. Do not show any favour to the rich over the poor. That will be better for your spiritual well being and will help to reduce your burden of sin, and it will be better for your Hereafter, until you meet the One Who knows what is in your heart. I instruct you to be strict with regard to the commands of Allah, His sacred limits and disobedience with all people, both relatives and others. Do not show any mercy to anyone until you have settled the score with him according to his offence. Treat all people as equal, and do not worry about who is as fault or fear the blame of the blamers. Beware of showing favouritism among the believers with regard to the fay that Allah has put you in charge of, lest that lead to injustice. Keep away from that. You are in a position between this world and the Hereafter. If you conduct your affairs justly in this world and refrain from indulgence, that will earn you faith and divine pleasure. I advise you not to let yourself or anyone else do wrong to ahl al-dhimmah. I advise you sincerely to seek thereby the Countenance of Allah and the Hereafter. I have chosen advice for you that I would offer to myself or my son. If you do as I have advised you and follow my instructions, you will have gained a great deal. If you don not accept it or pay attention to it, and do not handle your affairs in the way that pleases Allah, that will be a shortcoming on your part and you will have failed to be sincere, because whims and desires are the same and the cause of sin is Iblīs, who calls man to everything that will lead to his doom. He misguided the generations who came before you and led them to Hell, what a terrible abode. What a bad deal it is for a man to take the enemy of Allah as his friend, who calls him to disobey Allah. Adhere to the truth, strive hard to reach it and admonish yourself. I urge you by Allah to show mercy to the Muslims, honour their elderly, show compassion to their young ones and respect the knowledgeable ones among them. Do not harm them or humiliate them, and do not keep the fay for yourself lest you anger them. Do not deprive them of their stipends when they become due, thus making them poor. Do not keep them away on campaigns for so long that they end up having no children. Do not allow wealth to circulate only among the rich. Do not close your door to the people or allow the strong to oppress the weak. This is my advice to you, as Allah is my witness, and I greet you with peace.”

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Umar

Umar ibn al-Khattab, Vol. 2, p. 389-390, also quoted in At-Tabqaat ul-Kabir, Vol. 3, p. 339
Last Advise

“For those who practise tyranny and deprive others of their rights, I will be harsh and stern, but for those who follow the law, I will be most soft and tender.”

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Umar

As quoted in Al Farooq, Umar (1944) by Muhammad Husayn Haykal, Ch. 5, p. 123

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