Frases de Cixí

La emperatriz viuda Cixi o Zishi fue la gobernante del Imperio Chino entre 1861 y 1908, y como tal una figura clave en el ocaso de la dinastía Qing. [1]​

Cixi fue concubina y posteriormente emperatriz viuda del emperador Xianfeng. Mujer de gran ambición, a la muerte de su marido Xianfeng en 1861, Cixi maniobró para hacerse con la regencia de su hijo, el emperador Tongzhi . A la muerte de éste, fue regente de su sobrino, el emperador Guangxu , al que había nombrado emperador de forma irregular. Una vez Guangxu alcanzó la mayoría de edad en 1887, Cixi mantuvo las riendas del poder como cabeza del clan imperial, y tras un golpe palaciego en 1898, hizo aprisionar a Guangxu y retomó el control directo del poder hasta su propia muerte en 1908.[2]​ Se cree que su nombre de pila era Orquídea, pasando a ser llamada Noble Dama Lan al ser nombrada concubina imperial. Tras conseguir el rango de emperatriz viuda, pasó a llamarse T'zu-Hsi , que en chino significa Emperatriz del Palacio Occidental, en referencia al palacio que ocupaba en la Ciudad Prohibida.[3]​

Su etapa en el poder coincidió con los años de declive de la dinastía Qing. Cixi es una figura controvertida, percibida a la par como una gran reformadora y una fuerza reaccionaria y conservadora dentro del imperio Qing. Por un lado, Cixi logró estabilizar China luego de la Segunda Guerra del Opio y de los estragos causados por la Rebelión Taiping , que había costado la vida a unos 30 millones de chinos, y reafirmó el poder del gobierno central en un momento en que la dinastía Qing parecía llamada a su fin. Igualmente, su gobierno trató de fomentar el crecimiento económico de China, de mejorar las relaciones con las potencias occidentales, y de reafirmarse en la esfera internacional.

Sin embargo, Cixi no estuvo interesada en modernizar China, salvo cuando esto le beneficiaba personalmente: toda su actividad política de Cixi se centró en asegurarse en todo momento su permanencia en el poder[4]​. Receló siempre de los oficiales y mandarines reformistas, y de los gobernadores provinciales, a los que percibía como una amenaza a su propio poder. La mayor parte de los intentos de modernización se centraron en la industrialización de ciertos sectores como la industria militar o naval, y sólo fueron posibles porque fueron propuestos o llevados a cabo por favoritos y sicofantas, como Zeng Guofan, Zuo Zongtang o Li Hongzhang, que a menudo usaron estas reformas para lucrarse personalmente. Pese a su moderada política de modernización económica, Cixi renegó de cualquier intento de reforma estructural del estado Qing y de la sociedad China. El único intento serio de modernizar el estado, los cien días de reformas del emperador Guangxu , culminaron con un golpe palaciego en el que Cixi arrestó al emperador Guangxu y tomó el control directo del poder.

Por todo ello, Cixi nunca estuvo interesada en articular una política modernizadora coherente y efectiva, a menudo caracterizada por repentinos giros conservadores y reaccionarios, seguidos de períodos de reformas parciales o mal planteadas. Fundamentalmente, fue incapaz de imponer un consenso, e incluso cultivó la división entre las clases altas y la nobleza manchú sobre cómo atajar los problemas de China. Para finales del siglo XIX, la sociedad China estaba divididas entre facciones pro-occidentales que exigían modernizar China al estilo del Japón de la restauración Meiji, y facciones tradicionalistas y anti-occidentales que exigían volver a un período de pureza confuciana. Espoleada por una gran desconfianza hacia las potencias occidentales, las tendencias xenófobas de Cixi y de buena parte del estamento manchú culminaron con su mal ocultado apoyo a la rebelión de los bóxers , que condujeron a la toma de Pekín por parte de las potencias occidentales, la fuga de la Corte Imperial a Xi'an, y acabaron por forzar a Cixi a aceptar modernizar China en una situación de bancarrota nacional.

Murió en 1908, un día después de su sobrino el emperador Guangxu, habiendo instalado en el trono a Puyi, un sobrino-nieto suyo que sería el último emperador de China. Wikipedia  

✵ 29. noviembre 1835 – 15. noviembre 1908
Cixí Foto
Cixí: 6   frases 0   Me gusta

Cixí: Frases en inglés

“"寧贈友邦,不與家奴." or 宁予於外盗, 不予於家贼. (We would rather give our state to "neighboring friends" (foreigners), not to our household slaves ̈”

Han Chinese).

The anti-Qing reformer Liang Qichao accused Gangyi of saying this after the failure of the 1898 Hundred Days Reform, not Cixi. This was never attributed to Cixi by any historian or person until anti-Qing Han nationalists started posting this on internet forums and attributing it to Cixi.

Source: [Edward J. M. Rhoads, Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928, http://books.google.com/books?id=tgq1miGno-4C&pg=PA70#v=onepage&q&f=false, 1 December 2011, University of Washington Press, 978-0-295-80412-5, 70–]
Misattributed

“Now they [the Powers] have started the aggression, and the extinction of our nation is imminent. If we just fold our arms and yield to them, I would have no face to see our ancestors after death. If we must perish, why not fight to the death?”

[The Last Empress: The She-Dragon of China, Keith Laidler, 2003, John Wiley & Sons, 221, http://books.google.com/books?id=QLPZ7294oSIC&pg=PA221&dq=have+started+the+aggression,+and+the+extinction+of+our+nation+is+imminent++no+face+ancestors+death&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oGsLT5rpEqHu0gGY29nuBQ&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=have%20started%20the%20aggression%2C%20and%20the%20extinction%20of%20our%20nation%20is%20imminent%20%20no%20face%20ancestors%20death&f=false, 1-9-2011, 0470864265, the courage and fighting spirit were at once evident: 'Now they have started the aggression,' she declared, 'and the extinction of our nation is imminent. If we just fold our arms and yield to them, I would have no face to see our ancestors after death. If we must perish, why not fight to the death?'2]
[Massacre in Shansi, Nat Brandt, 1994, illustrated, Syracuse University Press, 181, http://books.google.com/books?id=R0GGv-Dio1MC&pg=PA181&dq=have+started+the+aggression,+and+the+extinction+of+our+nation+is+imminent++no+face+ancestors+death&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oGsLT5rpEqHu0gGY29nuBQ&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=have%20started%20the%20aggression%2C%20and%20the%20extinction%20of%20our%20nation%20is%20imminent%20%20no%20face%20ancestors%20death&f=false, 1-9-2011, 0815602820, Tz'u Hsi was enraged: "Now the Powers have started the aggression, and the extinction of our nation is imminent. If we just fold our arms and yield to them, I would have no face to see our ancestors after death. If we must perish, why not fight to the death."' The Peking Field Force — made up of five armies — was ordered to surround the legations supposedly to protect the diplomats but effectively sealing them off from the rest of the city.]
[The Boxer Rebellion, Richard O'Connor, 1973, illustrated, reprint, Hale, 85, http://books.google.com/books?ei=oGsLT5rpEqHu0gGY29nuBQ&id=LYVxAAAAMAAJ&dq=have+started+the+aggression%2C+and+the+extinction+of+our+nation+is+imminent++no+face+ancestors+death&q=extinction+ancestors, 1-9-2011, 0709147805, 3. All military operations were to be controlled by the foreign ministers. . . As she listened, her majesty's face was congested with rage. . . .With firm and vehement emphasis she then told the Grand Council: "Now they have started the aggression, and the extinction of our nation is imminent. If we just fold our arms and yield to them, I would have no face to see our ancestors after death. If we must perish, why not fight to the death?]
[The spirit soldiers: a historical narrative of the Boxer Rebellion, Richard O'Connor, 1973, illustrated, Putnam, 85, http://books.google.com/books?ei=oGsLT5rpEqHu0gGY29nuBQ&id=P4NxAAAAMAAJ&dq=have+started+the+aggression%2C+and+the+extinction+of+our+nation+is+imminent++no+face+ancestors+death&q=extinction+imminent, 1-9-2011, 3. All military operations were to be controlled by the foreign . . .Council: "Now they have started the aggression, and the extinction of our nation is imminent. If we just fold our arms and yield to them, I would have no face to see our ancestors after death. If we must perish, why not fight to the death? She then elaborated on the great benefits the Manchu dynasty had conferred upon China and predicted that the grateful Chinese]
[The Siege at Peking: The Boxer Rebellion, Peter Fleming, 1990, illustrated, Dorset Press, 97, http://books.google.com/books?id=pHrZAAAAMAAJ&q=have+started+the+aggression,+and+the+extinction+of+our+nation+is+imminent++no+face+ancestors+death&dq=have+started+the+aggression,+and+the+extinction+of+our+nation+is+imminent++no+face+ancestors+death&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oGsLT5rpEqHu0gGY29nuBQ&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBA, 1-9-2011, 0880294620, 'Now,' she is reported to have exclaimed, 'the Powers have started the aggression, and the extinction of our nation is imminent. If we just fold our arms and yield to them, I would have no face to see our ancestors after death.]
[The Siege at Peking, Peter Fleming, 1959, NEW YORK 49 East 33rd Street, New York 16, N.Y, HARPER & BROTHERS, 97, 1-9-2011, The Empress Dowager reacted in the way that the authors of the document presumably hoped she would. 'Now,' she is reported to have exclaimed, 'the Powers have started the aggression, and the extinction of our nation is imminent. If we just fold our arms and yield to them, I would have no face to see our ancestors after death. If we must perish, why not fight to the death?' A Decree (which was widely ignored) went out to the provinces ordering them to send troops to Peking.]
[The Boxer catastrophe, Issue 583 of Columbia studies in the social sciences, Chester C. Tan, 1967, reprint, Octagon Books, 73, http://books.google.com/books?ei=oGsLT5rpEqHu0gGY29nuBQ&id=_gcOAQAAMAAJ&dq=have+started+the+aggression%2C+and+the+extinction+of+our+nation+is+imminent++no+face+ancestors+death&q=extinction+nation, 1-9-2011, 0374977526, affairs to be committed to their hands. The fourth point was not mentioned. She then made the following statement: " Now they [the Powers] have started the aggression, and the extinction of our nation is imminent. If we just fold our arms and yield to them, I would have no face to see our ancestors after death. If]
[Columbia studies in the social sciences, Volume 583, Columbia University. Faculty of Political Science, 1955, Columbia University Press, 73, http://books.google.com/books?ei=oGsLT5rpEqHu0gGY29nuBQ&id=ZfocAQAAMAAJ&dq=have+started+the+aggression%2C+and+the+extinction+of+our+nation+is+imminent++no+face+ancestors+death&q=extinction+nation, 1-9-2011, metnioned. She then made the following statement: " Now they [the Powers] have started the aggression, and the extinction of our nation is imminent. If we just fold our arms and yield to them, I would have no face to see our ancestors after death. If we must perish, why not fight to the death? " Finally Hsü Yung-i,]
[The rhetoric of empire: American China policy, 1895-1901, Volume 36 of Harvard East Asian series, Marilyn Blatt Young, 1969, Harvard University Press, 147, http://books.google.com/books?ei=oGsLT5rpEqHu0gGY29nuBQ&id=tUlCAAAAIAAJ&dq=have+started+the+aggression%2C+and+the+extinction+of+our+nation+is+imminent++no+face+ancestors+death&q=extinction+imminent, 1-9-2011, a surrender of sovereignty: (1) a special place to be assigned to the emperor for residence; (2) all revenues to be collected by the foreign ministers; (3) all mmilitary affairs to be committed to their hands. . .After reading them out the empress dowager declare, "Now they [the powers] have started the aggression, and the extinction of our nation is imminent. If we just fold our arms and yield to them, I would have no face to see our ancestors after death. If we must perish, why not fight to the death?]
[The dragon empress: life and times of Tz'u-hsi, 1835-1908, Empress dowager of China, Marina Warner, 1974, illustrated, reprint, Cardinal, 227, http://books.google.com/books?ei=oGsLT5rpEqHu0gGY29nuBQ&id=hTend7Ttp9UC&dq=have+started+the+aggression%2C+and+the+extinction+of+our+nation+is+imminent++no+face+ancestors+death&q=extinction+imminent, 1-9-2011, 0351186573, 'Now,' she cried, 'now they have started the aggression and the extinction of our nation is imminent. If we must fold our arms and yield to them, I would have no face to see our ancestors after death.'18 Quoting]
[Symbolic war: the Chinese use of force, 1840-1980, Volume 43 of Institute of International Relations English monograph series, Jonathan R. Adelman, Zhiyu Shi, 1993, Institute of International Relations, National Chengchi University, 132, http://books.google.com/books?ei=oGsLT5rpEqHu0gGY29nuBQ&id=ZYm6AAAAIAAJ&dq=have+started+the+aggression%2C+and+the+extinction+of+our+nation+is+imminent++no+face+ancestors+death&q=aggression+extinction+imminent, 1-9-2011, 9579368236, Council issued a decree recruiting Boxers to the army, attacking the advance of Seymour, pacifying the Boxers and ordering local troops to march northward to protect the capital. The next day the Empress Dowager declared that, "Now they have started the aggression and the extinction of our nation is imminent. If we just fold our arms and yield to them, I would have no face to see our ancestors after death."44 In the words of the imperial decree]

“I have often thought that i am the most clever woman that ever lived, and others cannot compare with me…. Although I have heard much about Queen Victoria…I don't think her life was half so interesting and eventful as mine…. she had… really nothing to say about the policy of the country. Now look at me. I have 400,000,000 people dependent on my judgement.”

As attributed in The last empress: Madame Chiang Kai-Shek and the birth of modern China, Hannah Pakula, 2009, Simon and Schuster, 391, 1439148937, 2010-06-28 http://books.google.com/books?id=4ZpVntUTZfkC&pg=PA39,
This is redacted from the account of Princess Der Ling, Two Years in the Forbidden City (1911), p. 356 http://books.google.com/books?id=KdUMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA356

“Your tail, is becoming too heavy to wag.”

[The Siege at Peking, Peter Fleming, 1959, NEW YORK 49 East 33rd Street, New York 16, N.Y, HARPER & BROTHERS, 226, 1-9-2011, One account describes an audience which Tung had of the Empress Dowager on 23 June, the third day of the Siege, at which he complained that 'Jung Lu has the guns which my army needs; with their aid not a stone would be left standing in the whole of the Legation Quarter.' The Empress Dowager, who had been painting a design of bamboos on silk when the warrior was announced, dismissed him with contumely. 'Your tail,' she said elliptically, 'is becoming too heavy to wag.' Ching-Shan mentions Tung's grievance about guns a week later.]

“Perhaps their magic is not to be relied upon; but can we not rely on the hearts and minds of the people? Today China is extremely weak. We have only the people's hearts and minds to depend upon. If we cast them aside and lose the people's hearts, what can we use to sustain the country?”

The origins of the Boxer Uprising, Joseph Esherick, 1988, University of California Press, 289, 0520064593, 2010-6-28 http://books.google.com/books?id=jVESdBSMasMC&pg=PA289&dq=Perhaps+their+magic+is+not+to+be+relied+upon:+but+can+we+not+rely+on+the+hearts+and+minds+of+the+people%3F+Today+China+is+extremely+weak.+We+have+only+the+people's+hearts+and+minds+to+depend+upon.+If+we+cast+them+aside+and+lose+the+people's+hearts,+what+can+we&hl=en&ei=sRa2TOuXDsG88gaL9azjCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Perhaps%20their%20magic%20is%20not%20to%20be%20relied%20upon%3A%20but%20can%20we%20not%20rely%20on%20the%20hearts%20and%20minds%20of%20the%20people%3F%20Today%20China%20is%20extremely%20weak.%20We%20have%20only%20the%20people's%20hearts%20and%20minds%20to%20depend%20upon.%20If%20we%20cast%20them%20aside%20and%20lose%20the%20people's%20hearts%2C%20what%20can%20we&f=false,
[The Last Empress: The She-Dragon of China, Keith Laidler, 2003, John Wiley & Sons, 221, http://books.google.com/books?id=QLPZ7294oSIC&pg=PA221&dq=have+started+the+aggression,+and+the+extinction+of+our+nation+is+imminent++no+face+ancestors+death&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oGsLT5rpEqHu0gGY29nuBQ&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=rely%20on%20supernatural%20formulas%20heart%20people&f=false, 1-9-2011, 0470864265, Yehonala interrupted from her dominant position on the dais. 'If we cannot rely on the supternatural formulas, can we not rely upon the heart of the people? China is weak: the only thing we can depend upon is the heart of the people. If we lose that, how an we maintain our country?']
[Victor Purcell, The Boxer Uprising: A Background Study, https://books.google.com/books?id=2MeUoD9G9xAC&pg=PA250&dq=cannot+rely+charms+heart+people+lose&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjH5tD7vvjLAhVFGx4KHR_SDiYQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=cannot%20rely%20charms%20heart%20people%20lose&f=false, 3 June 2010, Cambridge University Press, 978-0-521-14812-2, 250–]

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