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Frases de Roberto Mangabeira Unger
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Roberto Mangabeira Unger es un filósofo y político brasileño. Es autor de más de dos decenas de libros sobre teoría social, pensamiento jurídico y económico, alternativas políticas y filosofía. Su obra expone y desarrolla los ideales de una sociedad más libre, menos rígida y jerárquica y apunta a la realización y al establecimiento de un sistema que permita una revisión constante de las formas institucionales basada en la meta de profundizar la democracia, dándole a más personas más acceso a un mayor número de oportunidades. Su trabajo en materia jurídica desafió exitosamente el consenso metodológico de la disciplina y transformó la teoría jurídica contemporánea. Sus escritos filosóficos han sido reconocidos por lidiar exitosamente con algunos de los problemas más persistentes y fundamentales de la existencia humana, y han sido puestos en diálogo directo con David Hume y Kant, y comparados con Dante y John Milton. Esta actividad intelectual sirve de base para su actividad política directa en Brasil y el resto de América Latina.

Mangabeira Unger ha enseñado en Harvard Law School toda su vida adulta. En 1976, se transformó en el profesor más joven de esa institución en recibir una cátedra permanente. Desde entonces, ha enseñado a mucho de la elite dirigente mundial, incluyendo a Barack Obama, quien participó activamente en el curso “Reinventando la Democracia”, dictado por Mangabeira Unger a finales de los 80’. En general, solo enseña en el segundo semestre de cada año académico, cubriendo temas que van desde la historia del pensamiento religioso hasta soluciones programáticas para la crisis económica global de la actualidad.

En la raíz del pensamiento mangabeiriano está la convicción que el mundo puede reimaginarse. Su obra parte de la premisa de que no existen arreglos sociales, políticos o económicos que sean naturales y que subyacen en el comportamiento individual o social. Los derechos de propiedad, la democracia liberal y el trabajo rentado, por ejemplo, no son más que artefactos históricos que no mantienen una relación necesaria con las metas de una actividad humana libre y próspera. Los libros de Mangabeira Unger han buscado analizar y desarrollar en detalle los ideales de la actividad humana en sus dimensiones social política y económica, y liberarlos de las cadenas institucionales. Solo entonces, sostiene, puede desatarse el potencial humano en toda su amplitud y hacernos “más parecidos a Dios”. Para Mangabeira Unger, el mercado, el Estado, y cualquier otra forma de organización social humana no deben ser confinados a ciertos arreglos institucionales rígidos. Por el contrario, deben permanecer abiertos a la experimentación y a la revisión, para encontrar la forma adecuada que promueva el proyecto de empoderamiento de la humanidad. Gran parte de la obra mangabeiriana representa un intento por repensar a la sociedad y a la política con el propósito de liberar a los hombres y a las mujeres de las limitaciones de la jerarquía social y de la degradación de la esclavitud económica, así como de accionar los ideales de la democracia empoderada y de la libertad individual.

Mangabeira Unger ha actuado por muchos años en la política de Brasil, donde ha intentado concretar estas alternativas políticas. Fue uno de los miembros fundadores del Partido del Movimiento Democrático Brasileño y escribió su manifiesto fundacional. Dirigió las campañas presidenciales de Leonel Brizola y de Ciro Gomes, fue candidato a diputados nacional y dos veces pre-candidato a la Presidencia de la República. Además, sirvió como Ministro de Asuntos Estratégicos en el segundo gobierno de Luis Inacio Lula da Silva. Desde febrero de 2015, se desempeña como ministro de Asuntos Estratégicos de Brasil, en el gobierno de Dilma Roussef. Wikipedia  

✵ 24. marzo 1947
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Roberto Mangabeira Unger: Frases en inglés

“The arrangements of society and culture are fighting petrified; they survive in the interruption or containment of practical and visionary strife. The more society and culture are organized to increase the distance between our context-preserving and our context-transforming activities, the more these arrangements take on the appearance of natural facts. They appear to us as givens, as our collective fate. Indeed, that is what, in a sense, they then become.”

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Roberto Mangabeira Unger libro The Self Awakened: Pragmatism Unbound

Fuente: The Self Awakened: Pragmatism Unbound (2007), p. 69

“One of the greatest merits of the critical legal studies movement was to have created an intellectual space in which law and legal thought could be better used to resist the dictatorship of no alternatives. Its limited but important contribution to such resistance was the development of ideas about alternatives, made from the contradictions and variations in established law. The greatest failure of the movement was not to have embraced and executed this task more fully.”

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Roberto Mangabeira Unger

Fuente: The Critical Legal Studies Movementː Another Time, A Greater Task (2015), p. 15

“Obama is probably smarter than Franklin Roosevelt was but lacks the full thrust of Roosevelt's providential self-confidence.”

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Roberto Mangabeira Unger

Quoted in David Remnick, The Bridgeː The Life and Rise of Barack Obama (2010), p. 185
On Barack Obama

“The search for this latent and living law—not the law of prescriptive rules or of bureaucratic policies, but the elementary code of human interaction—has been the staple of the lawyer's art wherever this art was practiced with the most depth and skill. What united the great Islamic ‘ulama’, the Roman jurisconsults, and the English common lawyers was the sense they shared that the law, rather than being made chiefly by judges and princes, was already present in society itself. Throughout history there has been a bond between the legal profession and the search for an order inherent in social life. The existence of this bond suggests that the lawyer's insight, which preceded the advent of the legal order, can survive its decline.”

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Roberto Mangabeira Unger

Fuente: Law in Modern Societyː Toward a Criticism of Social Theory (1976), p. 242

“By marrying experiment to speculation, we put ourselves in a dimmer version of the circumstance of the Creator. We remake nature or we imagine it remade. By this expedient we free ourselves, if only partly and tentatively, from suspicion of our beliefs, and we live once again, unafraid, in the light of the actual.”

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Roberto Mangabeira Unger libro The Self Awakened: Pragmatism Unbound

Fuente: The Self Awakened: Pragmatism Unbound (2007), p. 80

“The utopian element in politics lies in the ability to disentangle the image of possible human association from forms of life that make people's material and moral ability depend on their acceptance of predetermined hierarchical and communal divisions. The struggle of this visionary politics is to deny the identification of society with a limited repertory of social forms. Such a repertory imprisons all experiments in practical collaboration, in self-expression and reconciliation, within a determinate scheme of ranks and divisions, of authoritative ideals, and of accepted contexts for the realization of these ideals.”

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Roberto Mangabeira Unger

Fuente: Plasticity Into Power: Comparative-Historical Studies on the Institutional Conditions of Economic and Military Success (1987), p. 12

“The extreme moment of shock in battle presents in heightened and distorted form some of the distinctive characteristics of a whole society involved in war. These characteristics in turn represent a heightening and distortion of many of the traits of a social world cracked open by transformative politics. The threats to survival are immediate and shifting; no mode of association or activity can be held fixed if it stands as an obstacle to success. The existence of stable boundaries between passionate and calculating relationships disappears in the terror of the struggle. All settled ties and preconceptions shake or collapse under the weight of fear, violence, and surprise. What the experience of combat sharply diminishes is the sense of variety in the opportunities of self-expression and attachment, the value given to the bonds of community and to life itself, the chance for reflective withdrawal and for love. In all these ways, it is a deformed expression of the circumstance of society shaken up and restored to indefinition. Yet the features of this circumstance that the battle situation does share often suffice to make the boldest associative experiments seem acceptable in battle even if they depart sharply from the tenor of life in the surrounding society. Vanguardist warfare is the extreme case. It is the response of unprejudiced intelligence and organized collaboration to violence and contingency.”

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Roberto Mangabeira Unger

Fuente: Plasticity Into Power: Comparative-Historical Studies on the Institutional Conditions of Economic and Military Success (1987), p. 160

“This enlarged view of the radical cause … allows us to connect leftism and modernism, the radical politics of institutional reform and the radical politics of personal relations, a political vision obsessed with issues of dependence and domination and a moral vision concerned with the inability of the individual to gain practical, emotional, or even cognitive access to other people without forfeiting his independence.”

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Roberto Mangabeira Unger

Fuente: Social Theoryː Its Situation and Its Task (1987), p. 7

“Humanity takes a long time to understand its relation to its structures of discourse and sociability. People have usually mistaken the forms of inquiry and discourse, exchange and community, to which they are accustomed for flawed approximations to the true face of reason or society. More often than not, they have cast this prejudice aside only to replace it with a more modest, halfhearted reformulation of the same belief.”

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Roberto Mangabeira Unger

Fuente: False Necessityː Anti-Necessitarian Social Theory in the Service of Radical Democracy (1987), p. 97

“The cultural revolutionary wants to show how roles can be stretched, pulled apart, combined with other roles, and used incongruously. He acts out of a loosened sense of what it means to occupy a role. In this way he helps disrupt frozen connections among social stations, life experiences, and stereotyped forms of insight and sensibility. He thereby carries into the drama of everyday personal relations the effort to free sociability from its script and to make us available to one another more as the originals we all know ourselves to be and less as placeholders in a system of group contrasts.”

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Roberto Mangabeira Unger

Fuente: False Necessityː Anti-Necessitarian Social Theory in the Service of Radical Democracy (1987), p. 564

“We cannot form and enhance personality without encouraging strong impulse and strong vision in the individual. Such impulse and such vision must seek a collective voice and a social expression.”

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Roberto Mangabeira Unger libro The Self Awakened: Pragmatism Unbound

Fuente: The Self Awakened: Pragmatism Unbound (2007), p. 123-4

“We can establish universally an education that recognizes in every child a tongue-tied prophet, and in the school the voice of the future, and that equips the mind to think beyond and against the established context of thought and of life as well as to move within it. We can develop a democratic politics that renders the structure of society open in fact to challenge and reconstruction, weakening the dependence of change on crisis and the power of the dead over the living. We can make the radical democratization of access to the resources and opportunities of production the touchstone of the institutional reorganization of the market economy, and prevent the market from remaining fastened to a single version of itself. We can create policies and arrangements favorable to the gradual supersession of economically dependent wage work as the predominant form of free labor, in favor of the combination of cooperation and self-employment. We can so arrange the relation between workers and machines that machines are used to save our time for the activities that we have not yet learned how to repeat and consequently to express in formulas. We can reshape the world political and economic order so that it ceases to make the global public goods of political security and economic openness depend upon submission to an enforced convergence to institutions and practices hostile to the experiments required to move, by many different paths, in such a direction.”

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Roberto Mangabeira Unger The Religion of the Future

Fuente: The Religion of the Future (2014), p. 29

“In Brazil as in the United States, we find two voices of a New World promise of happinessː a promise to raise up human life to the exuberance of nature itself while breaking down the hierarchies and privileges that keep people distant from one another. A society of originals whose enhanced powers and self-possession enable them to accept one another more fully is the aim of this American and Brazilian dream. Translated into another, more universal vocabulary, this longing represents one form of the effort to reconcile a pagan ambition of greatness with a Christian idea of tenderness, purging the former of its impulse toward masterfulness and the latter of its knack for resentment. Thus, empowerment and solidarity can come more fully together.”

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Roberto Mangabeira Unger

Fuente: Democracy Realizedː The Progressive Alternative (1998), p. 126

“The reader should understand that this book forms a small part of a larger intellectual program: a struggle against fate through thought, an effort to give new meaning and new life to projects of individual and social liberation that for the last two hundred years have shaken and aroused the whole world, a fight to imagine the forms that those projects can and should take if they are to have a future.”

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Roberto Mangabeira Unger libro The Left Alternative

Fuente: The Left Alternative (2009), p. 187

“Obama shared in the more philosophical part of the discussion as vigorously as he did in the more context-oriented part …. The impression you report, of impatience with speculative exploration, is false. It does justice neither to him nor to me to represent these conversations under the lens of philistine activist against starry-eyed theoretician. He was always interested in ideas, big and small.”

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Roberto Mangabeira Unger

Quoted in David Remnick, The Bridgeː The Life and Rise of Barack Obama (2010), p. 185 (explaining the nature of Obama's participation in the two seminars that Obama took with Unger while studying at Harvard Law School)
On Barack Obama

“A radicalized pragmatism is the operational ideology of the shortening of the distance between context-preserving and context-transforming activities. It is thus a program of permanent revolution—however, a program so conceived that the word “revolution” is robbed of all romantic otherworldliness and reconciled to the everydayness of life as it is.”

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Roberto Mangabeira Unger libro The Self Awakened: Pragmatism Unbound

Fuente: The Self Awakened: Pragmatism Unbound (2007), p. 57

“… the impulse of iconoclasmː refusing unconditional reality and value to the contingent and flawed worlds we build and affirming that there will always be more in us, individually and collectively, than there can ever be in them. The most complete expression of this iconoclastic commitment is the development of forms of life and consciousness that provide us with the means and occasions to resist and reform them. In this way, they save us from having to choose between engaging wholeheartedly in them and keeping the last word, of resistance and transcendence, to ourselves.”

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Roberto Mangabeira Unger libro The Self Awakened: Pragmatism Unbound

Fuente: The Self Awakened: Pragmatism Unbound (2007), p. 70

“Openness to the new is the virtue that describes the moral consequence of the doctrine of the relation of spirit to structure. The religion of the future inherits this doctrine from the struggle with the world, and radicalizes it. This virtue acts out the human truth of our relation to the settled contexts of our life and thought. That they are ephemeral and defective, that they cannot accommodate all the experience and insight we have reason to value, that there is always more in us, individually as well as collectively, than is, or ever can be, in them are facts giving us persistent reason to rebel against such structures.”

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Roberto Mangabeira Unger The Religion of the Future

Fuente: The Religion of the Future (2014), p. 385

“To come out from under the protective wall of role, habit, and frozen perception, a person must throw himself into a situation of heightened exposure. He must put himself at greater risk to the harm that other people may do to him and to the destructive influence that enlarged experience may have on what he had previously regarded as his enduring core of identity.”

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Roberto Mangabeira Unger

Fuente: Plasticity Into Power: Comparative-Historical Studies on the Institutional Conditions of Economic and Military Success (1987), pp. 12-13

“[T]he indispensable instrument of a visionary politics is collective mobilization, which brings people together in ways not foreordained by the established structure or the prevailing dogmas of society.”

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Roberto Mangabeira Unger

Fuente: Plasticity Into Power: Comparative-Historical Studies on the Institutional Conditions of Economic and Military Success (1987), p. 12

“The art of self-transformation for the sake of developing practical capabilities seems to have a similar content in the most varied historical circumstances. The Mamluks and the Normans suffered defeat because they failed to open up and readjust the organizational and social contexts of warfare. The Seljuqs succeeded because they did just that. The West African coastal kingdoms used an extraneous technological advantage to avoid having to change radically. But they could neither go on the offensive against the savanna states nor prepare themselves to resist their European patrons and trading partners.
In all these instances success seems to have required the dissociation and recombination of available models of the organizational and social context of military activity. To have succeeded would not have meant, for the Mamluks, becoming like the Ottomans; it would have meant creating an order that never existed before. To possess the alien, you must change it.”

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Roberto Mangabeira Unger

Fuente: Plasticity Into Power: Comparative-Historical Studies on the Institutional Conditions of Economic and Military Success (1987), pp. 169-170

“The problem of method … includes four main issuesː the possibility of an alternative to logic and causation, capable of overcoming the inadequacies of both rationalism and historicism; the link between this third method and causality; the connection between the meaning of an act for its agent and its meaning for an observer; and the relationship of systematic theory to historical understanding.”

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Roberto Mangabeira Unger

Fuente: Law in Modern Societyː Toward a Criticism of Social Theory (1976), p. 245

“In an age of democracy and of peaceful or warlike communion among all parts of humanity, philosophy, like poetry and politics, must be prophetic. The content of its prophecy is a vision of how it is that we may respond, right now and with the instruments at hand, to the experience of being lost in a void that is made up of time, into the beginning and end of which we cannot see, and that is indifferent to our concerns. It is a prophecy of the path of our unchaining and of our ascent in a world of time, in which we remain always bound to death and forever denied insight into the ultimate nature of reality…. No philosopher or philosophical tradition in the last two centuries has had a monopoly on this prophecy. It is everywhere.”

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Roberto Mangabeira Unger libro The Self Awakened: Pragmatism Unbound

Fuente: The Self Awakened: Pragmatism Unbound (2007), p. 27

“A deepened, high-energy democracy does not seek to replace the real world of interests and of interest-bearing individuals with the selfless citizen and with the all-consuming theater of public life. It is not a flight into republican purism and fantasy. It wants to enhance our ordinary powers, enlarge the scope of our ordinary sympathies and ambitions, and render more intense our ordinary experience. It seeks to do so by diminishing the distance between the ordinary moves we may within institutional and ideological contexts take for granted and the extraordinary initiatives by which we challenge and change pieces of those contexts. Its agent and its beneficiary are one and the same: the real thing—the frail, self-interested, longing individual in the flesh, the victim of circumstance whom no circumstance can ever completely or definitively confine.”

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Roberto Mangabeira Unger libro The Left Alternative

Fuente: The Left Alternative (2009), p. 30-1

“There is no permanent canon of forms of normative argument. Our ways of arguing about ideals are, like our other practices, the mutable products of a specific history and the expressions of our ideas about society and thought.”

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Roberto Mangabeira Unger

Fuente: False Necessityː Anti-Necessitarian Social Theory in the Service of Radical Democracy (1987), p. 361

“Much of social science has been built as a citadel against metaphysics and politics. Faithful to the outlook produced by the modern revolt against ancient philosophy, the classic social theorists were anxious to free themselves first from the illusions of metaphysics, then from the seeming arbitrariness of political judgments. They wanted to create a body of objective knowledge of society that would not be at the mercy of philosophical speculation or political controversy, and, up to a point, they succeeded. But now we see that to resolve its own dilemmas, social theory must again become, in a sense, both metaphysical and political. It must take a stand on issues of human nature and human knowledge for which no "scientific" elucidation is, or may ever be, available. And it must acknowledge that its own future is inseparable from the fate of society.”

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Roberto Mangabeira Unger

Fuente: Law in Modern Societyː Toward a Criticism of Social Theory (1976), p. 266-7

“[W]e still depend on crisis as the midwife of change, and we must learn to arrange things so that we may depend on it less. Yes, but the particular forms of the advance always remain obscure and controversial. We cannot even agree whether they should occur chiefly at the subnational, national, or supranational levels; whether the ideas that animate them should appear as local heresies—or as a universalizing heresy—doctrines, as liberalism and socialism were in their day that convey a message to all humanity; and how we should understand and practice the relation between change of institutions and changes of consciousness. Because the forms of change are obscure and controversial, they will continue to give rise to conflict and even to war. They will be dangerous. Yes, but all of this will take place, or fail to take place, in the long time of history, not in the short time of biography. We cannot wait; we must find a solution for ourselves nowː a way of foreshadowing in life as we can now live it that which the species has yet collectively failed to achieve.”

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Roberto Mangabeira Unger libro The Self Awakened: Pragmatism Unbound

Fuente: The Self Awakened: Pragmatism Unbound (2007), p. 143-4

“It has been a continuing theme of this book that our commitment to any approach to the problems of existence (the overcoming of the world, the humanization of the world, and the struggle with the world first among them) can enjoy no definitive justification. Its demands always exceed, immeasurably, its grounds for making them. It says, “Follow me.” It can never give a conclusive reason to do so. All that it can do is to make an incomplete argument and a defeasible appeal. It cannot escape the circularity in all our large-scale transformative projects: for better or worse, each of them is a partly self-fulfilling prophecy. If it is embraced and it works, it remakes part of experience in its image.”

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Roberto Mangabeira Unger The Religion of the Future

Fuente: The Religion of the Future (2014), p. 298-9

“From negative capability, embodied in institutions, practices, and modes of consciousness, a wealth of practical competitive advantages result. However, negative capability is not merely a source of such advantages; it is a direct manifestation of our godlike power to outreach the established settings of action and thought and to split the difference between being inside a framework and being outside it. History, we may suppose, selects for this advantage more powerfully and above all more quickly than any form of natural competition for reproductive success, at the level of the species, the organism, or the genotype, can exert selective influence. Negative capability is power to the mind in its least modular and computable aspectsː mind-making continued through politics.”

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Roberto Mangabeira Unger libro The Self Awakened: Pragmatism Unbound

Fuente: The Self Awakened: Pragmatism Unbound (2007), p. 134

“The view of human society and personality that informs this argument refuses the consistently disappointing and misleading attempt to distinguish a permanent core and a variable periphery of human nature. It takes into account the loose, contradictory, and complex set of motivations and aspirations that people demonstrate in the societies it wants to reform. It recognizes that even the most intimate and seemingly unyielding of these propensities are influenced and cumulatively remade by the institutional and imaginative context in which they exist. But it rejects as unrealistic any institutional scheme whose success requires a sudden and drastic shift in what people are like here and now.”

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Roberto Mangabeira Unger

Fuente: False Necessityː Anti-Necessitarian Social Theory in the Service of Radical Democracy (1987), p. 500