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Frases de Stephen Jay Gould

Stephen Jay Gould fue un paleontólogo estadounidense, geólogo, biólogo evolutivo, historiador de la ciencia y uno de los más influyentes y leídos divulgadores científicos de su generación.[1]​

Gould pasó la mayor parte de su carrera docente en la Universidad de Harvard y trabajando en el Museo Americano de Historia Natural de Nueva York. En los últimos años de su vida, impartió clases de biología y evolución en la Universidad de Nueva York, cercana a su residencia en el SoHo.

La mayor contribución de Gould a la ciencia fue la teoría del equilibrio puntuado que desarrolló con Niles Eldredge en 1972.[2]​ La teoría propone que la mayoría de los procesos evolutivos están compuestos por largos períodos de estabilidad, interrumpidos por episodios cortos y poco frecuentes de bifurcación evolutiva. La teoría contrasta con el gradualismo filogenético, la idea generalizada de que el cambio evolutivo se caracteriza por un patrón homogéneo y continuo.

La mayor parte de la investigación empírica de Gould se basó en los géneros de caracoles terrestres Poecilozonites y Cerion y además contribuyó a la biología evolutiva del desarrollo. En su teoría evolutiva se opuso al seleccionismo estricto, la sociobiología aplicada a seres humanos y la psicología evolucionista. Hizo campaña contra el creacionismo y propuso que la ciencia y la religión sean considerados dos ámbitos distintos, o «magisterios», cuyas autoridades no se superponen .[3]​

Muchos de los ensayos de Gould para la revista Natural History fueron reimpresos en libros entre los que sobresalen Desde Darwin y El pulgar del panda. Sus tratados más populares incluyen libros como La falsa medida del hombre, La vida maravillosa y La grandeza de la vida. Poco tiempo antes de su muerte, Gould publicó un largo tratado recapitulando su versión de la teoría evolutiva moderna llamado La estructura de la teoría de la evolución . Wikipedia  

✵ 10. septiembre 1941 – 20. mayo 2002

Obras
La vida maravillosa
La vida maravillosa
Stephen Jay Gould
Ever Since Darwin
Stephen Jay Gould
Stephen Jay Gould: 282   frases 10   Me gusta

Frases célebres de Stephen Jay Gould

“Puede que cantidades considerables de cambios genéticos no estén sujetos a la selección natural y puede que se esparzan aleatoriamente [al azar] por las poblaciones.”

Stephen Jay Gould

“La vida es un arbusto de abundante ramificación, continuamente podado por el inexorable ángel de la muerte de la extinción, no una predecible escalera de progreso.”

Stephen Jay Gould libro La vida maravillosa

Fuente: Stephen Jay Gould: Wonderful Life (1989), 35.

“[En historia natural, ] un gran descubrimiento a menudo requiere un mapa hacia una mina llena de tesoros ocultos entonces fácilmente recogidos con las herramientas convencionales, no una nueva y brillante máquina de la era espacial para penetrar en los mundos que antes eran inaccesibles.”

Stephen Jay Gould libro The Lying Stones of Marrakech

Fuente: Stephen Jay Gould: The Lying Stones of Marrakech (2001). "Of Embryos and Ancestors", p. 318

“Un hombre no alcanza el estatus de Galileo simplemente porque sea perseguido, sino que también debe tener la razón.”

Stephen Jay Gould libro Ever Since Darwin

Fuente: Stephen Jay Gould: Ever Since Darwin: Reflections in Natural History (1977, 1992), 154.

“El hecho de la evolución está tan bien establecido como cualquier otro en la ciencia (tan seguro como la traslación de la Tierra alrededor del Sol).”

Stephen Jay Gould

Fuente: Réplica de Stephen Jay Gould, en la Universidad de Harvard, al artículo de Irving Kristol en The New York Times el 30 de septiembre de 1986; fue publicada en el número de enero de 1987 de la revista de divulgación científica Discover.

“Bien, la evolución es una teoría. También es un hecho. Y hechos y teorías son cosas diferentes, no peldaños en una jerarquía de certeza creciente. Los hechos son los datos del mundo. Las teorías son estructuras de ideas que explican e interpretan los hechos. Los hechos no se marchan cuando los científicos debaten teorías rivales para explicarlos. La teoría de gravitación de Einstein reemplazó a la de Newton en este siglo, pero las manzanas no se quedaron suspendidas en el aire esperando el resultado. Y los humanos evolucionaron de ancestros tipo monos ya sea que lo hicieron mediante el mecanismo propuesto por Darwin o por algún otro no descubierto aún.”

Stephen Jay Gould

Fuente: Réplica de Stephen Jay Gould, en la Universidad de Harvard, al artículo de Irving Kristol en The New York Times el 30 de septiembre de 1986; fue publicada en el número de enero de 1987 de la revista de divulgación científica Discover.

“El razonamiento es la simplicidad misma una vez se establece la actitud mental necesaria para permitirlo.”

Stephen Jay Gould libro Dientes de gallina y dedos de caballo

Fuente: Stephen Jay Gould: "Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes" (1983)

Stephen Jay Gould: Frases en inglés

“Our discombobulated lives need to sink some anchors in numerical stability. (I still have not recovered from the rise of a pound of hamburger at the supermarket to more than a buck.)”

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Stephen Jay Gould

"A Time to Laugh", p. 82; originally published as "A Happy Mystery to Ponder: Why So Many Homers?" in The Wall Street Journal (2001-10-10)
Triumph and Tragedy in Mudville (2003)

“Nothing is more dangerous than a dogmatic worldview - nothing more constraining, more blinding to innovation, more destructive of openness to novelty.”

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Stephen Jay Gould

“I am, somehow, less interested in the weight and convolutions of Einstein’s brain than in the near certainty that people of equal talent have lived and died in cotton fields and sweatshops.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro The Panda's Thumb

"Wide hats and narrow minds" https://books.google.com/books?id=-lWtVSZoqWkC&pg=PA776 New Scientist 8 March 1979, p. 777. Reprinted in The Panda's Thumb, p. 151 https://books.google.com/books?id=z0XY7Rg_lOwC&pg=PA151.
Fuente: The Panda's Thumb: More Reflections in Natural History

“We have become, by the power of a glorious evolutionary accident called intelligence, the stewards of life's continuity on earth. We did not ask for this role, but we cannot abjure it. We may not be suited to it, but here we are.”

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Stephen Jay Gould

Fuente: The Flamingo's Smile: Reflections in Natural History

“The most important tactic in an argument next to being right is to leave an escape hatch for your opponent so that he can gracefully swing over to your side without an embarrassing loss of face.”

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Stephen Jay Gould

“We are the offspring of history, and must establish our own paths in this most diverse and interesting of conceivable universes—one indifferent to our suffering, and therefore offering us maximum freedom to thrive, or to fail, in our own chosen way.”

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Stephen Jay Gould

“The most erroneous stories are those we think we know best - and therefore never scrutinize or question.”

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Stephen Jay Gould

“Skepticism is the agent of reason against organized irrationalism--and is therefore one of the keys to human social and civic decency.”

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Stephen Jay Gould

“Life is short, and potential studies infinite. We have a much better chance of accomplishing something significant when we follow our passionate interests and work in areas of deepest personal meaning.”

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Stephen Jay Gould

“When people learn no tools of judgment and merely follow their hopes, the seeds of political manipulation are sown.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro An Urchin in the Storm

"The Quack Detector", p. 245
An Urchin in the Storm (1987)
Contexto: [A]s we discern a fine line between crank and genius, so also (and unfortunately) we must acknowledge an equally graded trajectory from crank to demagogue. When people learn no tools of judgment and merely follow their hopes, the seeds of political manipulation are sown.

“Western field-work conjures up images of struggle on horseback […]—toughing it out on one canteen a day as you labor up and down mountains. The value of a site is supposedly correlated with the difficulty of getting there. This, of course, is romantic drivel. Ease of access is no measure of importance. The famous La Brea tar pits are right in downtown Los Angeles. To reach the Clarkia lake beds, you turn off the main road at Buzzard's Roost Trophy Company and drive the remaining fifty yards right up to the site.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Dinosaur in a Haystack

"Magnolias from Moscow", p. 403
Dinosaur in a Haystack (1995)

“Throughout his last half-dozen books, for example, Arthur Koestler has been conducting a campaign against his own misunderstanding of Darwinism. He hopes to find some ordering force, constraining evolution to certain directions and overriding the influence of natural selection. […] Darwinism is not the theory of capricious change that Koestler imagines. Random variation may be the raw material of change, but natural selection builds good design by rejecting most variants while accepting and accumulating the few that improve adaptation to local environments.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro The Panda's Thumb

"Double Trouble", pp. 38–40
The Panda's Thumb (1980)

“[H]istorical science is not worse, more restricted, or less capable of achieving firm conclusions because experiment, prediction, and subsumption under invariant laws of nature do not represent its usual working methods. The sciences of history use a different mode of explanation, rooted in the comparative and observational richness in our data. We cannot see a past event directly, but science is usually based on inference, not unvarnished observation”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro La vida maravillosa

you don't see electrons, gravity, or black holes either
Fuente: Wonderful Life (1989), p. 279

“If you defend a behavior by arguing that people are programmed directly for it, then how do you continue to defend it if your speculation is wrong, for the behavior then becomes unnatural and worthy of condemnation. Better to stick resolutely to a philosophical position on human liberty: what free adults do with each other in their own private lives is their business alone. It need not be vindicated — and must not be condemned—by genetic speculation.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Ever Since Darwin

"So Cleverly Kind an Animal", p. 267
Ever Since Darwin (1977)

“Anton Chekhov wrote that “one must not put a loaded rifle on stage if no one is thinking of firing it.” Good drama requires spare and purposive action, sensible linking of potential causes with realized effects. Life is much messier; nothing happens most of the time. Millions of Americans (many hotheaded) own rifles (many loaded), but the great majority, thank God, do not go off most of the time. We spend most of real life waiting for Godot, not charging once more unto the breach.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Dinosaur in a Haystack

"Speaking of Snails and Scales", p. 345
Dinosaur in a Haystack (1995)

“But all evolutionary biologists know that variation itself is nature's only irreducible essence. Variation is the hard reality, not a set of imperfect measures for a central tendency. Means and medians are the abstractions.”

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Stephen Jay Gould

The Median Isn't the Message (1985)

“We now live, as Earth always has (see my 1996 book Full House), in an Age of Bacteria. These simplest organisms will dominate our planet (if conditions remain hospitable for life at all) until the sun explodes. During our current, and undoubtedly brief, geological moment, they watch with appropriate amusement as we strut and fret our hour upon the stage. For we are, to them, only transient and delectable islands ripe for potential exploitation.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms

"War of the Worldviews", p. 352
Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (1998)

“Lavoisier was right in the deepest, almost holy, way. His passion harnessed feeling to the service of reason; another kind of passion was the price. Reason cannot save us and can even persecute us in the wrong hands; but we have no hope of salvation without reason. The world is too complex, too intransigent; we cannot bend it to our simple will.”

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Stephen Jay Gould

"The Passion of Antoine Lavoisier", p. 366
Bully for Brontosaurus (1991)

“Zoocentrism is the primary fallacy of human sociobiology, for this view of human behavior rests on the argument that if the actions of "lower" animals with simple nervous systems arise as genetic products of natural selection, then human behavior should have a similar basis.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Dientes de gallina y dedos de caballo

"Our Natural Place", p. 243
Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes (1983)

“The parasite has somehow evolved to turn off the host's defenses, presumably by disarming the crab's immune response with some chemical trickery that fools the host into accepting the parasite as part of itself. …The adult parasite castrates the host, not by directly eating the gonadal tissue, but by some unknown mechanism probably involving penetration of the interna's roots around and into the crab's nervous system.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms

Triumph of the Root-Heads, p. 367
Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (1998)

“Most books, after all, are ephemeral; their specifics, several years later, inspire about as much interest as daily battle reports from the Hundred Years' War.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro An Urchin in the Storm

Preface, p. 10
An Urchin in the Storm (1987)

“The invalid assumption that correlation implies cause is probably among the two or three most serious and common errors of human reasoning.”

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Stephen Jay Gould

Fuente: The Mismeasure of Man (1996), p. 272

“In this crucial sense, the theory of punctuated equilibrium adopts a very conservative position. The theory asserts no novel claim about modes or mechanisms of speciation; punctuated equilibrium merely takes a standard microevolutionary model and elucidates its expected expression when properly scaled into geological time.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro The Structure of Evolutionary Theory

Fuente: The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (2002), p. 778

“[W]e do live in a conceptual trough that encourages such yearning for unknown and romanticized greener pastures of other times. The future doesn't seem promising, if only because we can extrapolate some disquieting present trends into further deterioration: pollution, nationalism, environmental destruction, and aluminum bats. Therefore, we tend to take refuge in a rose-colored past […]. I do not doubt the salutary, even the essential, properties of this curiously adaptive human trait, but we must also record the down side. Legends of past golden ages become impediments when we try to negotiate our current dilemma.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Eight Little Piggies

"Shoemaker and Morning Star", pp. 206–207
Eight Little Piggies (1993)

“[A]lthough species may be discrete, they have no immutable essence. Variation is the raw material of evolutionary change. It represents the fundamental reality of nature, not an accident about a created norm. Variation is primary; essences are illusory. Species must be defined as ranges of irreducible variation.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro The Flamingo's Smile

"Of Wasps and WASPs", p. 160
The Flamingo's Smile (1985)

“Details are all that matters: God dwells there, and you never get to see Him if you don't struggle to get them right.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Eight Little Piggies

Fuente: Eight Little Piggies (1993) "A Reflective Prologue", p. 14

“Organisms are not billiard balls, propelled by simple and measurable external forces to predictable new positions on life's pool table. Sufficiently complex systems have greater richness. Organisms have a history that constrains their future in myriad, subtle ways.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro The Panda's Thumb

Prologue, p. 16
The Panda's Thumb (1980)

“Darwin himself told us in his last book (The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms) that we should never underestimate the power of worms on the move…. The inversion of a humble worm, especially when disturbed, may bring down empires. Shakespeare told us that "the smallest worm will turn being trodden on." And Cervantes wrote in his author's preface to Don Quixote that "even a worm when trod upon, will turn again." …Geoffrey, it seems, was correct after all - not in every detail, of course, but at least in basic vision and theoretical meaning. And the triumph of surprise, the inversion of nuttiness to apparent truth, stands as a premier example of the most exciting general development in evolutionary theory during our times.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms

"Brotherhood by Inversion", p. 329-330
Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (1998)

“The history of most fossil species includes two features particularly inconsistent with gradualism: 1. Stasis. Most species exhibit no directional change during their tenure on earth. They appear in the fossil record looking much the same as when they disappear; morphological change is usually limited and directionless. 2. Sudden appearance. In any local area, a species does not arise gradually by the steady transformation of its ancestors; it appears all at once and “fully formed.””

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Stephen Jay Gould libro The Panda's Thumb

"The Episodic Nature of Evolutionary Change", p. 182
The Panda's Thumb (1980)

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