Frases de Milton Friedman

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“Hay una cortina de humo detrás de cada programa de gobierno.”

“La causa de la libre empresa, de la competencia, es la única que puede mantener a los capitalistas alejados de tener un poder excesivo. Hay un viejo dicho que reza: "si quieres cazar a un ladrón, llama a otro para que lo atrape". La virtud del capitalismo de libre empresa es aquél que coloca a un empresario frente a otro, y ese es el método más efectivo de control.”

“Mucha gente quiere que el gobierno proteja a los consumidores. Un problema mucho más urgente es proteger a los consumidores del gobierno.”

“Uno de los más grandes errores es juzgar a las políticas y programas por sus intenciones, en lugar de por sus resultados.”

“Nada es tan permanente como un programa temporal del gobierno.”

“Mucha gente se queja del despilfarro público, pero yo lo doy por bueno, por dos razones. En primer lugar la eficiencia no es nada deseable si alguien está haciendo algo malo. El Gobierno hace cosas que no queremos que haga, de modo que cuando más dinero despilfarre, mejor. En segundo lugar, el despilfarro lleva a los hogares de la gente el hecho de que el Gobierno no es un instrumento eficiente y efectivo para conseguir sus objetivos. Una de mis esperanzas es la desilusión creciente con la idea de que el Gobierno es ese hermano mayor siempre sabio, todopoderoso, que puede resolver cualquier problema que salte en el camino.”

“Hay muchas variantes del liberalismo. Hay un liberalismo de gobierno cero; anarquista. Hay un liberalismo de gobierno limitado. Comparten un montón en términos de sus valores fundamentales. Si los llevas hasta sus últimos términos, son diferentes. No parece importar en la práctica, porque ambos queremos trabajar en la misma dirección.”

“El poder centralizado no se vuelve inofensivo por las buenas intenciones de quienes lo crearon.”

“Sólo el gobierno es capaz de coger un papel perfectamente bueno, cubrirlo con tinta perfectamente buena y hacer una combinación absolutamente banal.”

“Una fuente mayor de objeciones a la economía libre es precisamente que […] da a la gente lo que quiere, en vez de lo que un grupo particular piensa que debería querer. Subyacente a la mayoría de los argumentos contra el mercado libre existe una falta de fe en la libertad misma.”

“Cualquier amigo de la libertad ha de revolverse como lo hago yo contra la perspectiva de convertir a los Estados Unidos en un campo armado, por la visión de las cárceles repletas por consumidores de drogas y por un ejército de burócratas con el poder de invadir la libertad de los ciudadanos, basándose en una evidencia somera.”

“Aunque necesario para la libertad, el capitalismo sólo no es suficiente para garantizarla. Tiene que estar acompañado por un conjunto de valores y de instituciones políticas favorables a la libertad.”

“El hombre libre no se pregunta ni qué puede hacer su país por él, ni qué puede hacer él por su país.”

“Los grandes avances de la civilización, ya sean en arquitectura o pintura, en ciencia o literatura, jamás han venido de un gobierno central.”

“La responsabilidad social de los negocios consiste en incrementar sus beneficios.”

“Los gobiernos no aprenden jamás. Las personas sí lo hacen.”

“está usted equivocado, a no ser que se refiera a la historia de EU del siglo pasado y la primera parte de este siglo. Desde 1933 EU ha ido en la dirección que México llevó a sus extremos. En estos momentos el Estado dispone de más del 50% del ingreso nacional a través de programas, regulaciones, mandatos, etc., el mejor ejemplo para ustedes es el Hong Kong de los últimos 30 años.”

“El salario mínimo impide a muchas personas obtener un empleo.”

“Lo que importa no es la inflación per se, sino la inflación no anticipada”

“Colón no buscó una nueva ruta a las Indias en respuesta a una directiva elegida mayoritariamente.”

“Es una suerte que la sociedad libre sea más productiva, porque de no haberlo sido jamás se habría tolerado. El prejuicio en su contra es tan poderoso que es necesario tener una ventaja de cinco a uno para vencerlo.”

“Siempre se ha argüido que el problema del capitalismo es que es materialista, mientras que el colectivismo puede permitirse prestar atención a lo no material. Pero la experiencia ha sido exactamente la contraria. No hay sociedades que hayan enfatizado los requisitos materiales del bienestar como las colectivistas. Son las sociedades libres las que, de lejos, han permitido un mayor desarrollo a los aspectos inmateriales, espirituales, artísticos del bienestar.”

“Por supuesto, la existencia de un mercado libre no elimina la necesidad de un gobierno. Por el contrario, como hemos dicho, el gobierno es esencial como foro para determinar “las reglas del juego” y como árbitro para aplicar las reglas que se decidan.”

“Estoy a favor de bajar los impuestos bajo cualquier circunstancia, por cualquier excusa y por cualquier razón, siempre que sea posible.”

“La inflación es un impuesto sin legislación.”

“La solución gubernamental a un problema es normalmente tan mala como el mismo problema.”

“La cantidad de dinero, precios y producción fueron definitivamente más inestables después de implantar el Sistema de la Reserva Federal.”

“«La vida no es justa. es tentador creer que el gobierno puede corregir lo que la naturaleza ha generado.”

“Los almuerzos gratis no existen.”

“Si un intercambio entre dos partes es voluntario, no tendrá lugar a menos que ambas partes crean que se beneficiarán de él. La mayoría de las falacias económicas derivan del perder de vista esta simple reflexión.”

“Tenemos un sistema que cobra cada vez más impuestos al trabajo y subsidia el no trabajar.”

“Los verdaderos impuestos al pueblo no son lo que usted llama impuestos, son los gastos públicos totales. Si el congreso gasta más dinero del que le entra, si el gobierno gasta todo ese dinero, ¿quién cree usted que lo está pagando? Santa Claus no lo está pagando, un hada no lo está pagando… usted y yo, como contribuyentes, lo estamos pagando indirectamente a través de la tributación oculta, y por eso el punto crucial es reducir los gastos totales del gobierno.”

“En los únicos casos en los que las masas se han escapado de la clase de miseria absoluta que estás hablando, los únicos casos registrados en la historia, son donde se ha tenido capitalismo y en gran parte libre comercio. Si quieres saber donde las masas están en peor situación, peores condiciones, es exactamente en el tipo de sociedades que se apartan de eso. De modo que el registro de la historia es absolutamente cristalina, que no existe una forma alternativa hasta ahora descubierta de mejorar la situación de las personas comunes y corrientes que pueden sostener una vela a las actividades productivas que se desencadenan por el sistema de libre empresa.”

“Nadie gasta el dinero de otra persona tan cuidadosamente como gasta el suyo. Nadie usa los recursos de otra persona con tanto cuidado como utiliza los suyos. Así que si quieres la eficiencia y la eficacia, si desea que el conocimiento sea utilizado apropiadamente, usted tiene que hacerlo a través de los medios de propiedad privada.”

“If you look at the drug war from a purely economic point of view, the role of the government is to protect the drug cartel. That's literally true.”

“A major source of objection to a free economy is precisely that it … gives people what they want instead of what a particular group thinks they ought to want. Underlying most arguments against the free market is a lack of belief in freedom itself.”

“Society doesn't have values. People have values.”

“Most of the energy of political work is devoted to correcting the effects of mismanagement of government.”

“The Great Depression in the United States, far from being a sign of the inherent instability of the private enterprise system, is a testament to how much harm can be done by mistakes on the part of a few men when they wield vast power over the monetary system of a country.”

“Education spending will be most effective if it relies on parental choice & private initiative -- the building blocks of success throughout our society.”

“He moves fastest who moves alone.”

“Most economic fallacies derive from the neglect of this simple insight, from the tendency to assume that there is a fixed pie, that one party can gain only at the expense of another.”

“We do not influence the course of events by persuading people that we are right when we make what they regard as radical proposals. Rather, we exert influence by keeping options available when something has to be done at a time of crisis.”

“I’m in favor of legalizing drugs. According to my values system, if people want to kill themselves, they have every right to do so. Most of the harm that comes from drugs is because they are illegal.”

“The use of quantity of money as a target has not been a success. I'm not sure that I would as of today push it as hard as I once did.”

“So far, twenty-two people have received the Nobel award in economics. Not one of them has been female—so, to judge only from the past, the most important thing to do if you want to be a Nobel laureate is to be male. I hasten to add that the absence of females is not, I believe, attributable to male chauvinist bias on the part of the Swedish Nobel Committee. I believe that the economics profession as a whole would have been nearly unanimous that, during the period in question, only one female candidate met the relevant standards—the English economist Joan Robinson, who has since died. The failure of the Nobel Committee to award her a prize may well have reflected bias but not sex bias. The economists here will understand what I am talking about. … A second requirement is to be a U. S. citizen. Twelve of the twenty-two recipients of the Nobel Prize were from the United States, four from the United Kingdom, two from Sweden, and one each from four other countries. … Of the twelve Americans who have won the Nobel Prize in economics, nine either studied or taught at the University of Chicago. So the next lesson is to go to the University of Chicago.”

“With some notable exceptions, businessmen favor free enterprise in general but are opposed to it when it comes to themselves.”

“Industrial progress, mechanical improvement, all of the great wonders of the modern era have meant little to the wealthy. The rich in ancient Greece would have benefited hardly at all from modern plumbing — running servants replaced running water. Television and radio — the patricians of Rome could enjoy the leading musicians and actors in their home, could have the leading artists as domestic retainers. Ready-to-wear clothing, supermarkets — all these and many other modern developments would have added little to their life. They would have welcomed the improvements in transportation and in medicine, but for the rest, the great achievements of western capitalism have rebounded primarily to the benefit of the ordinary person. These achievements have made available to the masses conveniences and amenities that were previously the exclusive prerogative of the rich and powerful.”

“The problem in this world is to avoid concentration of power - we must have a dispersion of power.”

“The term money has two very different meanings in popular discourse. We often speak of someone "making money," when we really mean that he or she is receiving an income. We do not mean that he or she has a printing press in the basement churning out greenbacked pieces of paper. In this use, money is a synonym for income or receipts; it refers to a flow, to income or receipts per week or per year. We also speak of someone's having money in his or her pocket or in a safe-deposit box or on deposit at a bank. In that use, money refers to an asset, a component of one's total wealth. Put differently, the first use refers to an item on a profit-and-loss statement, the second to an item on a balance sheet”

“Analysis of the supply of money, and in particular of changes in the supply of money, is simple in principle but extremely complex in practice, both in our hypothetical world and in the current real world. Simple in principle, because the supply of money is whatever the monetary authorities make if, complex in practice, because the decisions of the monetary authorities depend on numerous factors.”

“One reason why money is a mystery to so many is the role of myth or fiction or convention.”

“An income tax intended to reduce inequality and promote the diffusion of wealth has in practice fostered reinvestment of corporate earnings, thereby favoring the growth of large corporations, inhibiting the operation of the capital market, and discouraging the establishment of new enterprises.”

“The price system works so well, so efficiently, that we are not aware of it most of the time. We never realize how well it functions until it is prevented from functioning, and even then we seldom recognize the source of the trouble.”

“Why should they also be accepted by private persons in private transactions in exchange for goods and services?
The short answer—and the right answer—is that private persons accept these pieces of paper because they are confident that others will. The pieces of green paper have value because everybody thinks they have value. Everybody thinks they have value because in everybody's experience they have had value…”

“Our minds tell us, and history confirms, that the great threat to freedom is the concentration of power. Government is necessary to preserve our freedom, it is an instrument through which we can exercise our freedom; yet by concentrating power in political hands, it is also a threat to freedom. Even though the men who wield this power initially be of good will and even though they be not corrupted by the power they exercise, the power will both attract and form men of a different stamp.”

“They think that the cure to big government is to have bigger government… the only effective cure is to reduce the scope of government - get government out of the business.”

“If we are to use effectively these abstract models and this descriptive material, we must have a comparable exploration of the criteria for determining what abstract model it is best to use for particular kinds of problems, what entities in the abstract model are to be identified with what observable entities, and what features of the problem or of the circumstances have the greatest effect on the accuracy of the predictions yielded by a particular model or theory.”

“As Adam Smith once said, "There is much ruin in a nation". Our basic structure of values and the interwoven network of free institutions will withstand much. I believe that we shall be able to preserve and extend freedom despite the size of the military programs and despite the economic powers already concentrated in Washington. But we shall be able to do so only if we awake to the threat that we face, only if we persuade our fellowmen that free institutions offer a surer, if perhaps at times a slower, route to the ends they seek than the coercive power of the state. The glimmerings of change that are already apparent in the intellectual climate are a hopeful augury.”

“I say thank God for government waste. If government is doing bad things, it's only the waste that prevents the harm from being greater.”

“With respect to teachers' salaries …. Poor teachers are grossly overpaid and good teachers grossly underpaid. Salary schedules tend to be uniform and determined far more by seniority.”

“The stock of money, prices and output was decidedly more unstable after the establishment of the Reserve System than before. The most dramatic period of instability in output was, of course, the period between the two wars, which includes the severe (monetary) contractions of 1920-1, 1929-33, and 1937-8. No other 20 year period in American history contains as many as three such severe contractions.
This evidence persuades me that at least a third of the price rise during and just after World War I is attributable to the establishment of the Federal Reserve System… and that the severity of each of the major contractions — 1920-1, 1929-33 and 1937-8 is directly attributable to acts of commission and omission by the Reserve authorities…
Any system which gives so much power and so much discretion to a few men, [so] that mistakes — excusable or not — can have such far reaching effects, is a bad system. It is a bad system to believers in freedom just because it gives a few men such power without any effective check by the body politic — this is the key political argument against an independent central bank…
To paraphrase Clemenceau, money is much too serious a matter to be left to the central bankers.”

“You must distinguish sharply between being pro free enterprise and being pro business.”