Fecha de nacimiento: 21. Abril 1864
Fecha de muerte: 14. Junio 1920
Maximilian Karl Emil Weber fue un filósofo, economista, jurista, historiador, politólogo y sociólogo alemán, considerado uno de los fundadores del estudio moderno de la sociología y la administración pública, con un marcado sentido antipositivista.
A pesar de ser reconocido como uno de los padres de la sociología, junto con Karl Marx, Auguste Comte y Émile Durkheim,[1] Weber nunca se vio a sí mismo como sociólogo, sino como historiador;[2]para él, la sociología y la historia eran dos empresas convergentes. Sin embargo, sobre el final de su vida en 1920, escribió en una carta al economista Robert Liefmann: "Si me he convertido finalmente en sociólogo , es sobre todo para exorcizar el fantasma todavía vivo de los conceptos colectivos ".[3]
Sus trabajos más importantes se relacionan con la sociología de la religión y el gobierno, pero también escribió mucho en el campo de la economía. Su obra más reconocida es el ensayo La ética protestante y el espíritu del capitalismo, que fue el inicio de un trabajo sobre la sociología de la religión.[4] Pero la recopilación Economía y sociedad, publicada póstumamente entre 1921 y 1922, es la suma más completa y sistemática de sus ideas y conceptos.
Weber argumentó que la religión fue uno de los aspectos más importantes que influyeron en el desarrollo de las culturas occidental y oriental. En otra de sus obras famosas, La ciencia como vocación, la política como vocación, Weber definió el Estado como una entidad que ostenta el monopolio de la violencia y los medios de coacción, una definición que fue fundamental en el estudio de la ciencia política moderna en Occidente.[5][6][7]
El político y el científico
Verificadas
El político y el científico
Verificadas
The Vocation Lectures: Science as a Vocation/Politics as a Vocation
En el texto "Sobre la situación de la democracia burguesa en Rusia página 63, de 1920.
Verificadas
Max Weber, , 1916.
Contexto: Mysticism intends a state of "possession," not action, and the individual is not a tool but a "vessel" of the divine. Action in the world must thus appear as endangering the absolutely irrational and other-worldly religious state. Active asceticism operates within the world; rationally active asceticism, in mastering the world, seeks to tame what is creatural and wicked through work in a worldly "vocation" (inner-worldly asceticism). Such asceticism contrasts radically with mysticism, if the latter draws the full conclusion of fleeing from the world (contemplative flight from the world). The contrast is tempered, however, if active asceticism confines itself to keeping down and to overcoming creatural wickedness in the actor's own nature. For then it enhances the concentration on the firmly established God-willed and active redemptory accomplishments to the point of avoiding any action in the orders of the world (asceticist flight from the world). Thereby active asceticism in external bearing comes close to contemplative flight from the world. The contrast between asceticism and mysticism is also tempered if the contemplative mystic does not draw the conclusion that he should flee from the world, but, like the inner-worldly asceticist, remain in the orders of the world (inner-worldly mysticism).
In both cases the contrast can actually disappear in practice and some combination of both forms of the quest for salvation may occur. But the contrast may continue to exist even under the veil of external similarity. For the true mystic the principle continues to hold: the creature must be silent so that God may speak.
Max Weber, , 1916.
Contexto: Mysticism intends a state of "possession," not action, and the individual is not a tool but a "vessel" of the divine. Action in the world must thus appear as endangering the absolutely irrational and other-worldly religious state. Active asceticism operates within the world; rationally active asceticism, in mastering the world, seeks to tame what is creatural and wicked through work in a worldly "vocation" (inner-worldly asceticism). Such asceticism contrasts radically with mysticism, if the latter draws the full conclusion of fleeing from the world (contemplative flight from the world). The contrast is tempered, however, if active asceticism confines itself to keeping down and to overcoming creatural wickedness in the actor's own nature. For then it enhances the concentration on the firmly established God-willed and active redemptory accomplishments to the point of avoiding any action in the orders of the world (asceticist flight from the world). Thereby active asceticism in external bearing comes close to contemplative flight from the world. The contrast between asceticism and mysticism is also tempered if the contemplative mystic does not draw the conclusion that he should flee from the world, but, like the inner-worldly asceticist, remain in the orders of the world (inner-worldly mysticism).
In both cases the contrast can actually disappear in practice and some combination of both forms of the quest for salvation may occur. But the contrast may continue to exist even under the veil of external similarity. For the true mystic the principle continues to hold: the creature must be silent so that God may speak.
Max Weber, letter to Ferdinand Tönnies, Feb. 19, 1909; As cited in: . Uncertain Victory: Social Democracy and Progressivism in European and American Thought, 1870-1920. Oxford University Press, 24 mrt. 1988. p. 498
Contexto: When I studied modern Catholic literature in Rome a few years ago, I became convinced how hopeless is to think that there are any scientific results this church cannot digest... I could not honestly participate in such anti-clericalism. It is true that I am absolutely unmusical in matters religious and that I have neither the need nor the ability to erect any religious edifices within me — that is simply impossible for me, and I reject it. But after examining myself carefully I must say that I am neither anti-religious nor irreligious. In this regard too I consider myself a cripple, a stunted man whose fate it is to admit honestly that he must put up with this state of affairs (so as not to fall for some romantic swindle)... For you a theologian of liberal persuasion (whether Catholic or Protestant) is necessarily most abhorrent as the typical representative of a halfway position; for me he is in human terms infinitely more valuable and interesting... than the intellectual (and basically cheap) pharisaism of naturalism, which is intolerably fashionable and in which there is much less life than in the religious position (again, depending on the case, of course!)
Max Weber, , 1916.
Contexto: Mysticism intends a state of "possession," not action, and the individual is not a tool but a "vessel" of the divine. Action in the world must thus appear as endangering the absolutely irrational and other-worldly religious state. Active asceticism operates within the world; rationally active asceticism, in mastering the world, seeks to tame what is creatural and wicked through work in a worldly "vocation" (inner-worldly asceticism). Such asceticism contrasts radically with mysticism, if the latter draws the full conclusion of fleeing from the world (contemplative flight from the world). The contrast is tempered, however, if active asceticism confines itself to keeping down and to overcoming creatural wickedness in the actor's own nature. For then it enhances the concentration on the firmly established God-willed and active redemptory accomplishments to the point of avoiding any action in the orders of the world (asceticist flight from the world). Thereby active asceticism in external bearing comes close to contemplative flight from the world. The contrast between asceticism and mysticism is also tempered if the contemplative mystic does not draw the conclusion that he should flee from the world, but, like the inner-worldly asceticist, remain in the orders of the world (inner-worldly mysticism).
In both cases the contrast can actually disappear in practice and some combination of both forms of the quest for salvation may occur. But the contrast may continue to exist even under the veil of external similarity. For the true mystic the principle continues to hold: the creature must be silent so that God may speak.
— Max Weber, libro The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
Fuente: The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
p. 124; Essay "Politics as a vocation"
Fuente: From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology
Contexto: The problem — the experience of the irrationality of the world — has been the driving force of all religious evolution. The Indian doctrine of karma, Persian dualism, the doctrine of original sin, predestination and the deus absconditus, all these have grown out of this experience. Also the early Christians knew full well the world is governed by demons and that he who lets himself in for politics, that is, for power and force as means, contracts with diabolical powers and for his action it is not true that good can follow only from good and evil only from evil, but that often the opposite is true. Anyone who fails to see this is, indeed, a political infant.
