Frases de John Maynard Keynes página 2

“La teoría de la producción agregada, que es la clave del siguiente libro, puede ser adaptada mucho más facilmente a las condiciones de un estado totalitario que la teoría de producción y distribución de una determinada producción dadas las condiciones de la libre competencia y un gran grado de "laissez-faire". Esta es una de las razones que justifica el hecho de que llame a mi teoría la teoría general.”

Original: «We are being afflicted with a new disease of which some readers may not yet have heard the name, but of which they will hear a great deal in the years to come – namely "technological unemployment". This means unemployment due to our discovery of means of economizing the use of labor outrunning the pace at which we can find new uses for labor».
Fuente: The General Theory of Unemployment, Interest and Money, 1931.

“En el futuro, durante muchos años, el viejo Adán será tan fuerte dentro de nosotros que todo el mundo necesitará hacer algún trabajo, si quiere sentirse satisfecho. Haremos más cosas para nosotros mismos que lo que es corriente en el rico de hoy, quien solamente se alegre cuando tiene pequeños deberes, tareas y turinas. Pero además de esto, procuraremos untar la mantequilla sobre la rebanada de pan, hacer cualquier trabajo que todavía se tenga que efectuar tan ampliamente compartido como sea posible. Turnos de tres horas o semanales de quince horas pueden eliminar el problema durante mucho tiempo. Porque tres horas al día es suficiente para satisfacer al viejo Adán que hay dentro de nosotros.”

“Pero el socialismo marxista ha de permanecer siempre como un portento para los historiadores de la opinión: como una doctrina tan ilógica y tan torpe puede haber ejercido, de modo tan poderoso una influencia sobre las mentes de los hombres y, a través de ellas, sobre los acontecimientos de la historia.”

Fuente: Ensayos de persuasión.

“Los especuladores son una consecuencia y no una causa de los precios altos.”

Fuente: El fin del laisez-faire.

“El estudio de la economía no parece exigir ningún don especializado de un orden excepcionalmente superior. ¿No es una disciplina muy fácil comparada con las ramas superiores de la filosofía o la ciencia pura?. Una disciplina fácil de la que muy pocos sobresalen. La paradoja tal vez tenga su explicación en que el economista experto debe poseer una rara combinación de dones. Debe ser en cierta medida matemático, historiador, estadista, filosofo. Debe comprender los símbolos y hablar en palabras. Debe contemplar lo particular desde la óptica de lo general y considerar en un mismo razonamiento lo abstracto y lo concreto.
Debe estudiar el presente pensando en el futuro. Ningún aspecto de la naturaleza del hombre o de sus instituciones debe quedarse al margen de su consideración. Debe ser simultáneamente decidido y desinteresado; tan distante e incorruptible como un artista y, sin embargo a veces tan cerca del suelo como un político”

La especulación financiera
Fuente: Ensayos de persuasión.

“A través de un proceso continuado de inflación los gobiernos pueden confiscar -secreta y disimuladamente- una parte importante de la riqueza de sus ciudadanos”, agregando que este proceso llevaba al empobrecimiento de la mayoría aunque enriqueciendo a algunos ( Las consecuencias económicas de la paz, 1919).”

Frases sobre la riqueza de John Maynard Keynes

“Si el Tesoro Público llenara botellas con billetes y las enterrara… y dejara a la empresa privada… extraer los billetes de nuevo… no habría más desempleo… aumentaría el ingreso real de la comunidad y su riqueza.”

“El antiguo Egipto fue doblemente afortunado e indudablemente debió su fabulosa riqueza a poseer dos actividades, que fueron la construcción de pirámides, así como la búsqueda de metales preciosos, cuyos frutos, al no poder servir a las necesidades del hombre siendo consumidos, no arruinaban su abundancia. La edad media creó catedrales y cantó canciones fúnebres. Dos pirámides, dos masas para los muertos, son el doble de buenas que una, pero no lo son dos vías férreas de Londres a York.”

“A largo plazo todos estaremos muertos».”

Fuente: Teoría general del empleo, interés y la moneda.

John Maynard Keynes Frases y Citas

“Cada vez que el franco pierde valor, el ministro de Finanzas está convencido de que se debe a todo excepto a causas económicas. [En ocasiones] lo atribuye a las misteriosas y malignas influencias de la especulación.”

sin fuentes

“Si bien los trabajadores suelen resistirse a una reducción de su salario nominal, no acostumbran abandonar el trabajo cuando suben los precios de las mercancías para asalariados.”

La especulación financiera
Fuente: Lords of Finance: 1929, The Great Depression, and the Bankers who Broke the World.

“No hay medio más sutil o más seguro de trastocar la base existente de la sociedad que el de corromper el dinero.”

Fuente: Teoría general del empleo, interés y la moneda.

“Decir que con una determinada organización, equipo y técnica, los salarios reales y el volumen de producción (y por consiguiente de empleo) están relacionados en una sola forma, de tal manera que, en términos generales, un aumento de la ocupación sólo puede ocurrir acompañada de un descenso en la tasa de salarios reales.”

Fuente: Ensayos de persuasión.

“Lo primero que se necesita es que el crédito bancario sea barato y abudante. Esto solo es posible si cada banco central se libera de la preocupación de sentirse poseedor de las reservas adecuadas de dinero internacional.”

Fuente: Teoría general del empleo, del interés y la moneda.

“El papel del crédito bancario es financiar el restablecimiento del capital circulante una vez que se haya producido definitivamente la recuperación de los negocios.”

Fuente: Ensayos de persuasión.

“La inflación es injusta, la deflación inconveniente.”

Fuente: Ensayos de persuasión.

“Al mismo tiempo que mejora la organización de los mercados de inversión, aumentan, sin embargo, los riesgos del predominio de la especulación. Los especuladores podrían no resultar perjudiciales si fueran como burbujas dentro de una corriente empresarial estable; lo grave se produce cuando es la empresa la que se convierte en una burbuja en medio del desorden especulativo.”

Fuente: Ensayos de persuasión.

“Cuando el desarrollo del capital de un país se convierte en un subproducto de las actividades de un casino, es probable que el trabajo se haya hecho mal.”

La especulación financiera
Fuente: Teoría general del empleo, del interés y la moneda, 1936.

“Los gobiernos de Europa (…) tratan de dirigir contra la clase conocida como especuladores la indignación popular que es consecuencia obvia de sus viciosos procedimientos.”

La especulación financiera
Fuente: Teoría general del empleo, del interés y la moneda, 1936.

“Epe luzera hilda egongo gara denok.”

La especulación financiera
Fuente: Las consecuencias económicas de la paz.

“En primer lugar, es un partido de clase, y de una clase que no es la mía. Si yo he de defender intereses parciales, defenderé los míos. Cuando llegue la lucha de clases como tal, mi patriotismo local y mi patriotismo personal estarán con mis afines. Yo puedo estar influido por lo que estimo que es justicia y buen sentido, pero la lucha de clases me encontrará del lado de la burguesía educada.”

“No entiendo cómo la quiebra universal puede acercarnos a la prosperidad.”

Respuesta a la pregunta: "¿Por qué no me afilio al Partido Laborista?"
Fuente: De su conferencia ¿Soy un liberal?, recogida en Ensayos en persuasión, 1925.

“But my lord, when we addressed this issue a few years ago, didn't you argue the other side?" He said, "That's true, but when I get more evidence I sometimes change my mind. What do you do?”

Sin fuentes

John Maynard Keynes: Frases en inglés

“The difficulty lies not so much in developing new ideas as in escaping from old ones.”

“Ideas shape the course of history.”

“When the capital development of a country becomes a by-product of the activities of a casino, the job is likely to be ill-done”

As quoted in The Peter Plan: A Proposal for Survival (1976) by Laurence J. Peter, p. 97
Attributed

“The avoidance of taxes is the only intellectual pursuit that still carries any reward.”

“When the final result is expected to be a compromise, it is often prudent to start from an extreme position.”

As quoted in A Dictionary of Scientific Quotations (1977) by Alan L. MacKay, p. 140
Attributed

“Jevons saw the kettle boil and cried out with the delighted voice of a child; Marshall too had seen the kettle boil and sat down silently to build an engine.”

John Maynard Keynes libro The Economic Consequences of the Peace

Fuente: The Economic Consequences of the Peace

“How can I accept a doctrine which sets up as its bible, above and beyond criticism, an obsolete economic textbook which I know to be not only scientifically erroneous but without interest or application for the modern world? How can I adopt a creed which, preferring the mud to the fish, exalts the boorish proletariat above the bourgeois and the intelligentsia who, with whatever faults, are the quality in life and surely carry the seeds of all human advancement?”

Fuente: Essays In Biography (1933), Alfred Marshall, p. 188

“I can be influenced by what seems to me to be justice and good sense; but the class war will find me on the side of the educated bourgeoisie.”

John Maynard Keynes libro Ensayos de persuasión

"A Short View of Russia" (1925); Originally three essays for the Nation and Athenaeum, later published separately as A Short View of Russia (1925), then edited down for publication in Essays in Persuasion (1931)
Ref: en.wikiquote.org - John Maynard Keynes / Quotes / Essays in Persuasion (1931)
Essays in Persuasion (1931), A Short View of Russia (1925)

“Economics is a science of thinking in terms of models joined to the art of choosing models which are relevant to the contemporary world. It is compelled to be this, because, unlike the typical natural science, the material to which it is applied is, in too many respects, not homogeneous through time. The object of a model is to segregate the semi-permanent or relatively constant factors from those which are transitory or fluctuating so as to develop a logical way of thinking about the latter, and of understanding the time sequences to which they give rise in particular cases.
Good economists are scarce because the gift for using "vigilant observation" to choose good models, although it does not require a highly specialised intellectual technique, appears to be a very rare one.”

John Maynard Keynes libro Ensayos de persuasión

Essays in Persuasion (1931), Am I a Liberal? (1925)

“During the lengthy process of production the business world is incurring outgoings in terms of money-paying out in money for wages and other expenses of production-in the expectation of recouping this outlay by disposing of the product for money at a later date. That is to say, the business world as a whole must always be in a position where it stands to gain by a rise of price and to lose by a fall of price. Whether it likes it or not, the technique of production under a regime of money-contract forces the business world always to carry a big speculative position; and if it is reluctant to carry this position, the productive process must be slackened.”

Letter to Roy Harrod (4 July 1938), in The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, Vol. XIV (1971), p. 297

“The division of the spoils between the victors will also provide employment for a powerful office, whose doorsteps the greedy adventurers and jealous concession hunters of twenty or thirty nations will crowd and defile.”

John Maynard Keynes libro Ensayos de persuasión

Essays in Persuasion (1931), Social Consequences of Changes in The Value of Money (1923)

“There was an attraction at first that Mr Baldwin should not be clever. But when he forever sentimentalises about his own stupidity, the charm is broken.”

John Maynard Keynes libro The Economic Consequences of the Peace

Fuente: The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919), Chapter IV, Section I, p. 77

“We will not have any more crashes in our time.”

Skidelsky (1992:232) quoting Keynes Papers PS/6

“For the Trade Unions such a scheme as this offers great and evident advantages compared with progressive inflation or with a wages tax. In spite of the demands of war, the workers would have secured the enjoyment, sooner or later, of a consumption fully commensurate with their increased effort; whilst family allowances and the cheap ration would actually improve, even during the war, the economic position of the poorer families. We should have succeeded in making the war an opportunity for a positive social improvement. How great a benefit in comparison with a futile attempt to evade a reasonable share of the burden of a just war, ending in a progressive inflation!”

Conversation with Felix Somary in 1927, reported in Felix Somary, The Raven of Zurich, London: C. Hurst, 1986 (1960), 146-7
Attributed

“Logic, like lyrical poetry, is no employment for the middle-aged”

Fuente: How to Pay for the War (1940), Ch. 5 : A Plan for Deferred Pay, Family, Allowances and a Cheap Ration

“The ignorance of even the best-informed investor about the more remote future is much greater than his knowledge, and he cannot but be influenced to a degree which would seem wildly disproportionate to anyone who really knew the future, and be forced to seek a clue mainly here to trends further ahead. But if this is true of the best-informed, the vast majority of those who are concerned with the buying and selling of securities know almost nothing whatever about what they are doing. They do not possess even the rudiments of what is required for a valid judgement, and are the prey of hopes and fears easily aroused by transient events and as easily dispelled.”

Fuente: Essays In Biography (1933), F. P. Ramsey, p. 296
Originally published in The Economic Journal, March 1930. and The New Statesman and Nation, October 3, 1931

“If economists could manage to get themselves thought of as humble, competent people on a level with dentists, that would be splendid.”

John Maynard Keynes libro A Treatise on Money

A Treatise on Money, Volume II (1930), pp. 360–61

“Courage will be forthcoming if tile leaders of opinion in all parties will summon out of tile fatigue and confusion of war enough lucidity of mind to understand for themselves and to explain to tile public what is required; and then propose a plan conceived in a spirit of social justice, a plan which uses a time of general sacrifice, not as an excuse for postponing desirable reforms, but as an opportunity for moving further than we have moved hitherto towards reducing in equalities.”

John Maynard Keynes libro Ensayos de persuasión

Essays in Persuasion (1931), Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren (1930)

“The general character of our solution must be, therefore, that it withdraws from expenditure a proportion of the increased earnings. This is the only way, apart from shortages of goods or higher prices, by which we can secure a balance between money to be spent and goods to be bought.”

Fuente: How to Pay for the War (1940), Ch. 1 : The Character of the Problem

“I have now reached a stage in the argument where I have to choose between being too definite or being too vague. If I set forth a concrete proposal in all its particulars, I expose myself to a hundred criticisms on points not essential to the principle of the plan. If I go further in the use of figures for illustration, I am involved more and more in guess-work; and I run the risk of getting the reader bogged in details which may be inaccurate and could certainly be amended without injury to the main fabric. Yet if I restrict myself to generalities, I do not give the reader enough to bite on; and am in fact shirking the issue, since the size, the order of magnitude, of the factors involved is not an irrelevant detail.”

Fuente: How to Pay for the War (1940), Ch. 2 : The Character of the Solution

“His peculiar gift was the power of holding continuously in his mind a purely mental problem until he had seen it through.”

Fuente: How to Pay for the War (1940), Ch. 5 : A Plan for Deferred Pay, Family, Allowances and a Cheap Ration

“The day is not far off when the economic problem will take the back seat where it belongs, and the arena of the heart and the head will be occupied or reoccupied, by our real problems — the problems of life and of human relations, of creation and behaviour and religion.”

On Isaac Newton
Essays In Biography (1933), Newton, the Man

“The glory of the nation you love is a desirable end, — but generally to be obtained at your neighbor's expense.”

First Annual Report of the Arts Council (1945-1946)

“Perhaps a day might come when there would be at last be enough to go round, and when posterity could enter into the enjoyment of our labors.”

John Maynard Keynes libro The Economic Consequences of the Peace

Fuente: The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919), Chapter III, p. 33

“I do not know which makes a man more conservative — to know nothing but the present, or nothing but the past.”

John Maynard Keynes libro The Economic Consequences of the Peace

Fuente: The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919), Chapter II, Section III, p. 21

“The decadent international but individualistic capitalism in the hands of which we found ourselves after the war is not a success. It is not intelligent. It is not beautiful. It is not just. It is not virtuous. And it doesn't deliver the goods. In short we dislike it, and we are beginning to despise it. But when we wonder what to put in its place, we are extremely perplexed.”

John Maynard Keynes libro Ensayos de persuasión

Fuente: Essays in Persuasion (1931), The End of Laissez-faire (1926), Ch. 1

“I work for a Government I despise for ends I think criminal.”

National self-sufficiency (1933) http://www.panarchy.org/keynes/national.1933.html Section 3, republished in Collected Writings Vol. 11 (1982).

“Economic privation proceeds by easy stages, and so long as men suffer it patiently the outside world cares little.”

Letter to Duncan Grant (15 December 1917)

“The atomic hypothesis which had worked so splendidly in Physics breaks down in Psychics.”

John Maynard Keynes libro The Economic Consequences of the Peace

Fuente: The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919), Chapter VI, p. 250