Frases de John Maynard Keynes página 4

“La teoría de la producción agregada, que es la clave del siguiente libro, puede ser adaptada mucho más facilmente a las condiciones de un estado totalitario que la teoría de producción y distribución de una determinada producción dadas las condiciones de la libre competencia y un gran grado de "laissez-faire". Esta es una de las razones que justifica el hecho de que llame a mi teoría la teoría general.”

Original: «We are being afflicted with a new disease of which some readers may not yet have heard the name, but of which they will hear a great deal in the years to come – namely "technological unemployment". This means unemployment due to our discovery of means of economizing the use of labor outrunning the pace at which we can find new uses for labor».
Fuente: The General Theory of Unemployment, Interest and Money, 1931.

“En el futuro, durante muchos años, el viejo Adán será tan fuerte dentro de nosotros que todo el mundo necesitará hacer algún trabajo, si quiere sentirse satisfecho. Haremos más cosas para nosotros mismos que lo que es corriente en el rico de hoy, quien solamente se alegre cuando tiene pequeños deberes, tareas y turinas. Pero además de esto, procuraremos untar la mantequilla sobre la rebanada de pan, hacer cualquier trabajo que todavía se tenga que efectuar tan ampliamente compartido como sea posible. Turnos de tres horas o semanales de quince horas pueden eliminar el problema durante mucho tiempo. Porque tres horas al día es suficiente para satisfacer al viejo Adán que hay dentro de nosotros.”

“Pero el socialismo marxista ha de permanecer siempre como un portento para los historiadores de la opinión: como una doctrina tan ilógica y tan torpe puede haber ejercido, de modo tan poderoso una influencia sobre las mentes de los hombres y, a través de ellas, sobre los acontecimientos de la historia.”

Fuente: Ensayos de persuasión.

“Los especuladores son una consecuencia y no una causa de los precios altos.”

Fuente: El fin del laisez-faire.

“El estudio de la economía no parece exigir ningún don especializado de un orden excepcionalmente superior. ¿No es una disciplina muy fácil comparada con las ramas superiores de la filosofía o la ciencia pura?. Una disciplina fácil de la que muy pocos sobresalen. La paradoja tal vez tenga su explicación en que el economista experto debe poseer una rara combinación de dones. Debe ser en cierta medida matemático, historiador, estadista, filosofo. Debe comprender los símbolos y hablar en palabras. Debe contemplar lo particular desde la óptica de lo general y considerar en un mismo razonamiento lo abstracto y lo concreto.
Debe estudiar el presente pensando en el futuro. Ningún aspecto de la naturaleza del hombre o de sus instituciones debe quedarse al margen de su consideración. Debe ser simultáneamente decidido y desinteresado; tan distante e incorruptible como un artista y, sin embargo a veces tan cerca del suelo como un político”

La especulación financiera
Fuente: Ensayos de persuasión.

“A través de un proceso continuado de inflación los gobiernos pueden confiscar -secreta y disimuladamente- una parte importante de la riqueza de sus ciudadanos”, agregando que este proceso llevaba al empobrecimiento de la mayoría aunque enriqueciendo a algunos ( Las consecuencias económicas de la paz, 1919).”

Frases sobre la riqueza de John Maynard Keynes

“Si el Tesoro Público llenara botellas con billetes y las enterrara… y dejara a la empresa privada… extraer los billetes de nuevo… no habría más desempleo… aumentaría el ingreso real de la comunidad y su riqueza.”

“El antiguo Egipto fue doblemente afortunado e indudablemente debió su fabulosa riqueza a poseer dos actividades, que fueron la construcción de pirámides, así como la búsqueda de metales preciosos, cuyos frutos, al no poder servir a las necesidades del hombre siendo consumidos, no arruinaban su abundancia. La edad media creó catedrales y cantó canciones fúnebres. Dos pirámides, dos masas para los muertos, son el doble de buenas que una, pero no lo son dos vías férreas de Londres a York.”

“A largo plazo todos estaremos muertos».”

Fuente: Teoría general del empleo, interés y la moneda.

John Maynard Keynes Frases y Citas

“Cada vez que el franco pierde valor, el ministro de Finanzas está convencido de que se debe a todo excepto a causas económicas. [En ocasiones] lo atribuye a las misteriosas y malignas influencias de la especulación.”

sin fuentes

“Si bien los trabajadores suelen resistirse a una reducción de su salario nominal, no acostumbran abandonar el trabajo cuando suben los precios de las mercancías para asalariados.”

La especulación financiera
Fuente: Lords of Finance: 1929, The Great Depression, and the Bankers who Broke the World.

“No hay medio más sutil o más seguro de trastocar la base existente de la sociedad que el de corromper el dinero.”

Fuente: Teoría general del empleo, interés y la moneda.

“Decir que con una determinada organización, equipo y técnica, los salarios reales y el volumen de producción (y por consiguiente de empleo) están relacionados en una sola forma, de tal manera que, en términos generales, un aumento de la ocupación sólo puede ocurrir acompañada de un descenso en la tasa de salarios reales.”

Fuente: Ensayos de persuasión.

“Lo primero que se necesita es que el crédito bancario sea barato y abudante. Esto solo es posible si cada banco central se libera de la preocupación de sentirse poseedor de las reservas adecuadas de dinero internacional.”

Fuente: Teoría general del empleo, del interés y la moneda.

“El papel del crédito bancario es financiar el restablecimiento del capital circulante una vez que se haya producido definitivamente la recuperación de los negocios.”

Fuente: Ensayos de persuasión.

“La inflación es injusta, la deflación inconveniente.”

Fuente: Ensayos de persuasión.

“Al mismo tiempo que mejora la organización de los mercados de inversión, aumentan, sin embargo, los riesgos del predominio de la especulación. Los especuladores podrían no resultar perjudiciales si fueran como burbujas dentro de una corriente empresarial estable; lo grave se produce cuando es la empresa la que se convierte en una burbuja en medio del desorden especulativo.”

Fuente: Ensayos de persuasión.

“Cuando el desarrollo del capital de un país se convierte en un subproducto de las actividades de un casino, es probable que el trabajo se haya hecho mal.”

La especulación financiera
Fuente: Teoría general del empleo, del interés y la moneda, 1936.

“Los gobiernos de Europa (…) tratan de dirigir contra la clase conocida como especuladores la indignación popular que es consecuencia obvia de sus viciosos procedimientos.”

La especulación financiera
Fuente: Teoría general del empleo, del interés y la moneda, 1936.

“Epe luzera hilda egongo gara denok.”

La especulación financiera
Fuente: Las consecuencias económicas de la paz.

“En primer lugar, es un partido de clase, y de una clase que no es la mía. Si yo he de defender intereses parciales, defenderé los míos. Cuando llegue la lucha de clases como tal, mi patriotismo local y mi patriotismo personal estarán con mis afines. Yo puedo estar influido por lo que estimo que es justicia y buen sentido, pero la lucha de clases me encontrará del lado de la burguesía educada.”

“No entiendo cómo la quiebra universal puede acercarnos a la prosperidad.”

Respuesta a la pregunta: "¿Por qué no me afilio al Partido Laborista?"
Fuente: De su conferencia ¿Soy un liberal?, recogida en Ensayos en persuasión, 1925.

“The future life of Europe was not their concern; its means of livelihood was not their anxiety. Their preoccupations, good and bad alike, related to frontiers and nationalities, to the balance of power, to imperial aggrandizements, to the future enfeeblement of a strong and dangerous enemy, to revenge, and to the shifting by the victors of their unbearable financial burdens on to the shoulders of the defeated.”

Sin fuentes

John Maynard Keynes: Frases en inglés

“The duty of "saving" became nine-tenths of virtue and the growth of the cake the object of true religion.”

John Maynard Keynes libro The Economic Consequences of the Peace

Fuente: The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919), Chapter IV, p. 56

“You can't push on a string.”

John Maynard Keynes libro The Economic Consequences of the Peace

Fuente: The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919), Chapter II, Section III, p. 20

“This state of affairs is not an inevitable consequence of a decreased capacity to produce wealth. I see no reason why, with good management, real wages need be reduced on the average. It is the consequence of a misguided monetary policy.”

Attributed by [Hal R., Varian, http://www.ischool.berkeley.edu/~hal/people/hal/NYTimes/2003-06-04.html, Dealing with Deflation, The New York Times, June 5, 2003, 2007-01-11]
Attributed

“By what modus operandi does credit restriction attain this result? In no other way than by the deliberate intensification of unemployment.”

John Maynard Keynes libro Ensayos de persuasión

Essays in Persuasion (1931), The Economic Consequences of Mr. Churchill (1925)

“To see the British Prime Minister watching the company, with six or seven senses not available to ordinary men, judging character, motive, and subconscious impulse, perceiving what each was thinking and even what each was going to say next, and compounding with telepathic instinct the argument or appeal best suited to the vanity, weakness, or self-interest of his immediate auditor, was to realize that the poor President would be playing blind man's bluff in that party.”

John Maynard Keynes libro Ensayos de persuasión

Essays in Persuasion (1931), The Economic Consequences of Mr. Churchill (1925)

“The disruptive powers of excessive national fecundity may have played a greater part in bursting the bonds of convention than either the power of ideas or the errors of autocracy.”

John Maynard Keynes libro The Economic Consequences of the Peace

On David Lloyd George and Woodrow Wilson, in Chapter III, p. 41
The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919)

“If farming were to be organised like the stock market, a farmer would sell his farm in the morning when it was raining, only to buy it back in the afternoon when the sun came out.”

John Maynard Keynes libro The Economic Consequences of the Peace

Fuente: The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919), Chapter II, Section I, p. 15

“But the dreams of designing diplomats do not always prosper, and we must trust the future.”

Attributed by [Will, Hutton, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/nov/02/economics-economy-john-keynes, Will the real Keynes stand up, not this sad caricature?, Guardian, November 2, 2008, 2009-02-05] <br class="br">Actual quote: "the Stock Exchange revalues many investments every day and the revaluations give a frequent opportunity to the individual (though not to the community as a whole) to revise his commitments. It is as though a farmer, having tapped his barometer after breakfast, could decide to remove his capital from the farming business between 10 and 11 in the morning and reconsider whether he should return to it later in the week." <br class="br"> The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1935), Ch. 12 http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/keynes/general-theory/ch12.htm <br class="br">Attributed

“Are the solutions offered us always to be too late? Shall we in Great Britain invite three-quarters of the world, including the whole of our Empire, to join with us in evolving a new currency system which shall be stable in terms of commodities? Or would the gold standard countries be interested to learn the terms, which must needs be strict, on which we should be prepared to re-enter the system of a drastically reformed gold standard?”

John Maynard Keynes libro The Economic Consequences of the Peace

Fuente: The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919), Chapter IV, Section III, p. 105

“The mechanism of reaching equilibrium by means of a rising cost of living, which is vainly pursued by a rising level of wages, will be described in the next chapter. But it is admitted on all hands that this is the worst possible solution.”

John Maynard Keynes libro Ensayos de persuasión

Essays in Persuasion (1931), The End of Gold Standard (1931)

“For many ages to come the old Adam will be so strong in us that everybody will need to do some work if he is to be contented. We shall do more things for ourselves than is usual with the rich to-day, only too glad to have small duties and tasks and routines. But beyond this, we shall endeavour to spread the bread thin on the butter-to make what work there is still to be done to be as widely shared as possible. Three-hour shifts or a fifteen-hour week may put off the problem for a great while. For three hours a day is quite enough to satisfy the old Adam in most of us!”

Fuente: How to Pay for the War (1940), Ch. 8 : Rationing Price Control and Wage Control

“Economics is a very dangerous science.”

John Maynard Keynes libro Ensayos de persuasión

Essays in Persuasion (1931), Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren (1930)

“Perhaps it is historically true that no order of society ever perishes save by its own hand.”

Fuente: Essays In Biography (1933), Robert Malthus: The First of the Cambridge Economists, p. 128

“Most men love money and security more, and creation and construction less, as they get older.”

John Maynard Keynes libro The Economic Consequences of the Peace

Fuente: The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919), Chapter VI, p. 238

“For my part I think that capitalism, wisely managed, can probably be made more efficient for attaining economic ends than any alternative system yet in sight, but that in itself it is in many ways extremely objectionable.”

John Maynard Keynes libro Ensayos de persuasión

Essays in Persuasion (1931), Clissold (1927)

“The great events of history are often due to secular changes in the growth of population and other fundamental economic causes, which, escaping by their gradual character the notice of contemporary observers, are attributed to the follies of statesmen or the fanaticism of atheists.”

John Maynard Keynes libro Ensayos de persuasión

Fuente: Essays in Persuasion (1931), The End of Laissez-faire (1926), Ch. 5

“When, therefore, we enter the realm of State action, everything is to be considered and weighed on its merits. Changes in death duties, income tax, land tenure, licensing, game laws, church establishment, feudal rights, slavery, and so on through all ages, have received the same denunciations from the absolutists of contract, who are the real parents of revolution.”

John Maynard Keynes libro The Economic Consequences of the Peace

Fuente: The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919), Chapter II, Section I, pp. 14-15

“The study of economics does not seem to require any specialized gifts of an unusually high order. Is it not, intellectually regarded, a very easy subject compared with the higher branches of philosophy and pure science? Yet good, or even competent, economists are the rarest of birds. An easy subject, at which very few excel! The paradox finds its explanation, perhaps, in that the master-economist must possess a rare combination of gifts. He must reach a high standard in several different directions and must combine talents not often found together. He must be mathematician, historian, statesman, philosopher – in some degree. He must understand symbols and speak in words. He must contemplate the particular in terms of the general, and touch abstract and concrete in the same flight of thought. He must study the present in the light of the past for the purposes of the future. No part of man's nature or his institutions must lie entirely outside his regard. He must be purposeful and disinterested in a simultaneous mood; as aloof and incorruptible as an artist, yet sometimes as near the earth as a politician. Much, but not all, of this many-sidedness Marshall possessed. But chiefly his mixed training and divided nature furnished him with the most essential and fundamental of the economist's necessary gifts – he was conspicuously historian and mathematician, a dealer in the particular and the general, the temporal and the eternal, at the same time.”

A Tract on Monetary Reform (1923), Ch. 2 : Public Finance and Changes in the Value of Money

“The next move is with the head, and fists must wait.”

Fuente: Essays In Biography (1933), Alfred Marshall, p. 170; as cited in: Donald Moggridge (2002), Maynard Keynes: An Economist's Biography, p. 424

“There is no harm in being sometimes wrong — especially if one is promptly found out.”

Fuente: Essays In Biography (1933), Trotsky On England, p. 91

“The forces of the nineteenth century have run their course and are exhausted.”

Fuente: Essays In Biography (1933), Alfred Marshall, p. 175

“Why should coal miners suffer a lower standard of life than other classes of labour? They may be lazy, good-for-nothing fellows who do not work so hard or so long as they should. But is there any evidence that they are more lazy or more good-for-nothing than other people?
On grounds of social justice, no case can be made out for reducing. the wages of the miners. They are the victims of the economic Juggernaut. They represent in the flesh the "fundamental adjustments" engineered by the Treasury and the Bank of England to satisfy the impatience of the City fathers to bridge the "moderate gap" between $4.40 and $4.86. They (and others to follow) are the "moderate sacrifice" still necessary to ensure the stability of the gold standard. The plight of the coal miners is the first, but not—unless we are very lucky—the last, of the Economic Consequences of Mr. Churchill.”

John Maynard Keynes libro The Economic Consequences of the Peace

Fuente: The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919), Chapter VII, p. 254

“Inflation is unjust and Deflation is inexpedient. Of the two perhaps Deflation is, if we rule out exaggerated inflations such as that of Germany, the worse; because it is worse, in an impoverished world, to provoke unemployment than to disappoint the rentier. But it is not necessary that we should weigh one evil against the other. It is easier to agree that both are evils to be shunned.”

John Maynard Keynes libro Ensayos de persuasión

Essays in Persuasion (1931), The Economic Consequences of Mr. Churchill (1925)

“Communism draws its strength from deeper, more serious sources. Offered to us as a means of improving the economic situation, it is an insult to our intelligence. But offered as a means of making the economic situation worse, that is its subtle, its almost irresistible, attraction. Communism is not a reaction against the failure of the nineteenth century to organize optimal economic output. It is a reaction against its comparative success.”

John Maynard Keynes libro Ensayos de persuasión

Essays in Persuasion (1931), Social Consequences of Changes in The Value of Money (1923)

“Shaw and Stalin are still satisfied with Marx’s picture of the capitalist world… They look backwards to what capitalism was, not forward to what it is becoming.”

“Stalin-Wells Talk: The Verbatim Report and A Discussion”, G.B. Shaw, J.M. Keynes et al., London, The New Statesman and Nation, (1934) p. 35

“My only regret is that I have not drunk more champagne in my life.”

“Stalin-Wells Talk: The Verbatim Report and A Discussion”, G.B. Shaw, J.M. Keynes et al., London, The New Statesman and Nation, (1934) p. 34

“Being an optimist, I am still hopeful that it may end in the division of Spain geographically into two states. But, above all, I want the war to come to an end and not to extend.”

At a King's College college feast, as quoted in 1949, John Maynard Keynes, 1883-1946, Fellow and Bursar, (A memoir prepared by direction of the Council of King’s College, Cambridge University, England), Cambridge University Press, 1949, page 37. This in turn quoted in Quote Investigator, " My Only Regret Is That I Have Not Drunk More Champagne In My Life https://quoteinvestigator.com/2013/07/11/more-champagne/", 2013-07-11 <br class="br">Attributed

“If one is born a political animal, it is most uncomfortable not to belong to a political party; cold and lonely and futile it is.”

Letter to Kingsley Martin on the Spanish Civil War (9 August 1937), quoted in Kingsley Martin, Editor: A Second Volume of Autobiography, 1931–45 (1968), p. 257
1930s

“How can I accept a doctrine which sets up as its bible, above and beyond criticism, an obsolete economic textbook which I know to be not only scientifically erroneous but without interest or application for the modern world?”

Am I a Liberal? (1925)