Frases de William Crookes
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William Crookes fue un químico inglés, uno de los científicos más importantes en Europa del siglo XIX, tanto en el campo de la física como en el de la química. En 1863 ingresó en la Royal Society, y fue nombrado Sir en 1910.[1]​

Es conocido por ser el inventor del tubo de rayos catódicos, por el descubrimiento del elemento talio, y por ser el primero en analizar el gas helio en laboratorio.

También fue uno de los más importantes y destacados investigadores, y luego defensor, de lo que hoy en día se conoce como espiritismo científico. Wikipedia  

✵ 17. junio 1832 – 4. abril 1919
William Crookes Foto
William Crookes: 63   frases 5   Me gusta

Frases célebres de William Crookes

“Ningún incidente en mi carrera científica es más ampliamente conocido que la participación que tomé hace muchos años en ciertas investigaciones psíquicas. Treinta años han pasado desde que publiqué un informe de los experimentos que demostraron que fuera de nuestro conocimiento científico existe una fuerza ejercida por la inteligencia que difiere de la inteligencia común de los mortales comunes. Este hecho en mi vida es, por supuesto, bien entendido por aquellos que me han honrado con la invitación para convertirme en su presidente. Tal vez entre mi audiencia haya algunos que puedan sentir curiosidad por saber si he de hablar o callar. Yo elijo hablar, aunque brevemente… Pasar por alto el tema sería un acto de cobardía - un acto de cobardía que no siento la tentación de cometer.
Detenerse poco en cualquier investigación que asuste por ensanchar las puertas del conocimiento, recular ante el temor a la dificultad o la crítica adversa, es traer el reproche a la ciencia. No hay nada que el investigador deba hacer sino ir de frente, "explorar de arriba a abajo, centímetro a centímetro, con el filo de la razón, seguir la luz dondequiera que pueda conducir, incluso en caso de que a veces se asemeje a una quimera. No tengo nada de que retractarme. Me adhiero a mis declaraciones ya publicadas. De hecho, podría añadir mucho a esto. Lamento sólo una cierta crudeza en los planteamientos iniciales que, sin duda con justicia, militaban contra de su aceptación por el mundo científico. Mi propio conocimiento en ese momento apenas se extendía más allá del hecho de que ciertos fenómenos nuevos para la ciencia se habían producido con certeza, y fueron atestiguados por mis propios sentidos sobrios y, mejor aún, registrados de modo automático. Yo era como un ser de dos dimensiones, que podría estar situado en un punto singular de una superficie de Riemann, y por lo tanto encontrarse a sí mismo en contacto infinitesimal e inexplicable con un plano de existencia que no es el suyo propio.
Me parece ver un poco más lejos ahora. Tengo atisbos de algo así como la coherencia entre los fenómenos esquivos extraños; de algo así como la continuidad entre esas fuerzas inexplicables y las leyes ya conocidas. Este avance se debe principalmente a los trabajos de otra asociación, de la cual tengo también este año el honor de ser presidente - la Sociedad para la Investigación Psíquica. Y se me presentan ahora por primera vez estas preguntas al mundo de la ciencia que debe elegir un punto de partida diferente al de antaño. Sería bueno comenzar con la telepatía, con la ley fundamental, ya que creo que lo sea, que los pensamientos y las imágenes pueden ser transferidos de una mente a otra sin la intervención de los órganos reconocidos de los sentidos - que el conocimiento puede entrar en la mente humana sin ser comunicado en cualquier forma hasta ahora conocida o reconocida.”

Disertación ante la British Association for the Advancement of Science (1898)

Frases de fe de William Crookes

“Un punto de vista sobre la constitución de la materia que recomendé a Faraday como preferible al que habitualmente se tiene me parece que sería exactamente el punto de vista que trato de imaginar sobre la constitución de los seres espirituales. Los centros de la inteligencia, voluntad, energía y potencia, todos son mutuamente penetrables, mientras que al mismo tiempo impregnan lo que llamamos el espacio, pero cada centro mantiene su propia individualidad, persistencia de sí mismo, y memoria. Si estos centros inteligentes de la diversas fuerzas espirituales que, en conjunto, van a constituir el carácter del hombre o karma también están asociados de alguna manera con las formas de energía que, centradas, forman el átomo material - si estas entidades espirituales son materiales, no en el sentido crudo, bruto de Lucrecio, sino el material que sublima a través del intelecto penetrante de Faraday - es uno de esos misterios que para nosotros los mortales, tal vez siempre siga siendo un problema sin resolver. Mi especulación siguiente es más difícil, y está dirigida a aquellos que no sólo toman un punto de vista demasiado terrestre, sino que niegan la verosimilitud - es más, la posibilidad - de la existencia de un mundo invisible en absoluto. Yo respondo que se puede demostrar que estamos a punto de, como sea, descubrir un mundo invisible. No hablo aquí de un mundo inmaterial o espiritual. Me refiero al mundo de lo infinitamente pequeño, que debe todavía ser llamado un mundo material, aunque la materia en él existente o perceptible, es algo que no nos permiten concebir nuestras limitadas facultades. Es el mundo - no digo de las fuerzas moleculares en contraposición a molares, sino de las fuerzas cuya acción se encuentra principalmente fuera del límite de la percepción humana, a diferencia de las fuerzas evidentes para la percepción bruta de los organismos humanos.”

Disertación ante la Society for Psychical Research (1897)

William Crookes Frases y Citas

William Crookes: Frases en inglés

“Telepathy, the transmission of thought and images directly from one mind to another without the agency of the recognized organs of sense, is a conception new and strange to science.”

Address to the Society for Psychical Research (1897)
Contexto: Let me specially apply this general conception of the impossibility of predicting what secrets the universe may still hold, what agencies undivined may habitually be at work around us.
Telepathy, the transmission of thought and images directly from one mind to another without the agency of the recognized organs of sense, is a conception new and strange to science. To judge from the comparative slowness with which the accumulated evidence of our society penetrates the scientific world, it is, I think, a conception even scientifically repulsive to many minds. We have supplied striking experimental evidence; but few have been found to repeat our experiments, We have offered good evidence in the observation of spontaneous cases, — as apparitions at the moment of death and the like, — but this "evidence has failed to impress the scientific world in the same way as evidence less careful and less coherent has often done before. Our evidence is not confronted and refuted; it is shirked and evaded as though there were some great a priori improbability which absolved the world of science from considering it. I at least see no a priori improbability whatever. Our alleged facts might be true in all kinds of ways without contradicting any truth already known. I will dwell now on only one possible line of explanation, — not that I see any way of elucidating all the new phenomena I regard as genuine, but because it seems probable I may shed a light on some of those phenomena. All the phenomena of the universe are presumably in some way continuous; and certain facts, plucked as it were from the very heart of nature, are likely to be of use in our gradual discovery of facts which lie deeper still.

“But difficulties are things to be overcome even in the elusory branch of research known as experimental psychology.”

Address to the British Association for the Advancement of Science (1898)
Contexto: A formidable range of phenomena must be scientifically sifted before we effectually grasp a faculty so strange, so bewildering, and for ages so inscrutable as the direct action of mind on mind. This delicate task needs a rigorous employment of the method of exclusion — a constant setting aside of irrelevant phenomena that could be explained by known causes, including those far too familiar causes, conscious and unconscious fraud. The inquiry unites the difficulties inherent in all experimentation connected with mind, with tangled human temperaments, and with observations dependent less on automatic record than on personal testimony. But difficulties are things to be overcome even in the elusory branch of research known as experimental psychology.

“Let it be assumed that these rays, or rays even of higher frequency, can pass into the brain and act on some nervous center there.”

Address to the Society for Psychical Research (1897)
Contexto: These rays, as generated in the vacuum tube, are not homogeneous, but consist of bundles of different wave-lengths, analogous to what would be differences of colour could we see them as light. Some pass easily through flesh, but are partially arrested by bone, while others pass with almost equal facility through bone and flesh.
It seems to me that in these rays we may have a possible mode of transmitting intelligence which, with a few reasonable postulates, may supply a key to much that is obscure in psychical research. Let it be assumed that these rays, or rays even of higher frequency, can pass into the brain and act on some nervous center there. Let it be conceived that the brain contains a center which uses these rays as the vocal chords use sound vibrations (both being under the command of intelligence), and sends them out, with the velocity of light, to impinge on the receiving ganglion of another brain. In this way some, at least, of the phenomena of telepathy, and the transmission of intelligence from one sensitive to another through long distances, seem to come into the domain of law and can be grasped. A sensitive may be one who possesses the telepathic transmitting or receiving ganglion in an advanced state of development, or who, by constant practice, is rendered more sensitive to these high-frequency waves. Experience seems to show that the receiving and the transmitting ganglions are not equally developed; one may be active, while the other, like the pineal eye in man, may be only vestigial. By such an hypothesis no physical laws are violated; neither is it necessary to invoke what is commonly called the supernatural.

“A view of the constitution of matter which recommended itself to Faraday as preferable to the one ordinarily held appears to me to be exactly the view I endeavor to picture as the constitution of spiritual beings. Centers of intellect, will, energy, and power, each mutually penetrable, while at the same time permeating what we call space, but each center retaining its own individuality, persistence of self, and memory.”

Address to the Society for Psychical Research (1897)
Contexto: A view of the constitution of matter which recommended itself to Faraday as preferable to the one ordinarily held appears to me to be exactly the view I endeavor to picture as the constitution of spiritual beings. Centers of intellect, will, energy, and power, each mutually penetrable, while at the same time permeating what we call space, but each center retaining its own individuality, persistence of self, and memory. Whether these intelligent centers of the various spiritual forces which in their aggregate go to make up man's character or karma are also associated in any way with the forms of energy which, centered, form the material atom — whether these spiritual entities are material, not in the crude, gross sense of Lucretius, but material as sublimated through the piercing intellect of Faraday — is one of those mysteries which to us mortals will perhaps ever remain an unsolved problem. My next speculation is more difficult, and is addressed to those who not only take too terrestrial a view, but who deny the plausibility — nay, the possibility — of the existence of an unseen world at all. I reply we are demonstrably standing on the brink, at any rate, of one unseen world. I do not here speak of a spiritual or immaterial world. I speak of the world of the infinitely little, which must be still called a material world, although matter as therein existing or perceptible is something which our limited faculties do not enable us to conceive. It is the world — I do not say of molecular forces as opposed to molar, but of forces whose action lies mainly outside the limit of human perception, as opposed to forces evident to the gross perception of human organisms. I hardly know how to make clear to myself or to you the difference in the apparent laws of the universe which would follow upon a mere difference of bulk in the observer. Such an observer I must needs imagine as best I can.

“The task I am called upon to perform today is to my thinking by no means a merely formal or easy matter. It fills me with deep concern to give an address, with such authority as a president's chair confers, upon a science which, though still in a purely nascent stage, seems to me at least as important as any other science whatever. Psychical science, as we here try to pursue it, is the embryo of something which in time may dominate the whole world of thought.”

Address to the Society for Psychical Research (1897)
Contexto: The task I am called upon to perform today is to my thinking by no means a merely formal or easy matter. It fills me with deep concern to give an address, with such authority as a president's chair confers, upon a science which, though still in a purely nascent stage, seems to me at least as important as any other science whatever. Psychical science, as we here try to pursue it, is the embryo of something which in time may dominate the whole world of thought. This possibility — nay, probability — does not make it the easier to me now. Embryonic development is apt to be both rapid and interesting; yet the Prudent man shrinks from dogmatizing on the egg until he has seen the chicken.

“Is it inconceivable that intense thought concentrated toward a sensitive with whom the thinker is in close sympathy may induce a telepathic chain of brain waves, along which the message of thought can go straight to its goal without loss of energy due to distance?”

Address to the Society for Psychical Research (1897)
Contexto: It may be objected that brain waves, like any other waves, must obey physical laws. Therefore, transmission of thought must be easier or more certain the nearer the agent and recipient are to each other, and should die out altogether before great distances are reached. Also it can be urged that if brain waves diffuse in all directions they should affect all sensitives within their radius of action, instead of impressing only one brain. The electric telegraph is not a parallel case, for there a material wire intervenes to conduct and guide the energy to its destination.
These are weighty objections, but not, I think, insurmountable. Far be it from me to say anything disrespectful of the law of inverse squares, but I have already endeavored to show we are dealing with conditions removed from our material and limited conceptions of space, matter, form. Is it inconceivable that intense thought concentrated toward a sensitive with whom the thinker is in close sympathy may induce a telepathic chain of brain waves, along which the message of thought can go straight to its goal without loss of energy due to distance? And is it also inconceivable that our mundane ideas of space and distance may be superseded in these subtle regions of unsubstantial thought, where "near" and "far" may lose their usual meaning?

“It has been said that "Nothing worth the proving can be proved, nor yet disproved."”

True though this may have been in the past, it is true no longer. The science of our century has forged weapons of observation and analysis by which the veriest tyro may profit. Science has trained and fashioned the average mind into habits of exactitude and disciplined perception, and in so doing has fortified itself for tasks higher, wider, and incomparably more wonderful than even the wisest among our ancestors imagined. Like the souls in Plato's myth that follow the chariot of Zeus, it has ascended to a point of vision far above the earth. It is henceforth open to science to transcend all we now think we know of matter and to gain new glimpses of a profounder scheme of Cosmic law.
Address to the British Association for the Advancement of Science (1898)

“It is curious that the popular conceptions of evil and malignant beings are of the type that would be produced by increased gravitation”

toads, reptiles, and noisome creeping things — while the arch fiend himself is represented as perhaps the ultimate form which could be assumed by a thinking brain and its necessary machinery were the power of gravitation to be increased to the highest point compatible with existence — a serpent crawling along the ground. On the other hand, our highest types of beauty are those which would be common under decreased gravitation.
The "daughter of the gods, divinely tall," and the leaping athlete, please us by the slight triumph over the earthward pull which their stature or spring implies.
Address to the Society for Psychical Research (1897)

“It can scarcely be denied that the fundamental phenomena which first led mankind into chemical inquiries are those of combustion.”

Address to the Society for Psychical Research (1897)
Contexto: It can scarcely be denied that the fundamental phenomena which first led mankind into chemical inquiries are those of combustion. But, as we have just seen, minimized beings would be unable to produce fire at will, except by certain chemical reactions, and would have little opportunity of examining its nature. They might occasionally witness forest fires, volcanic eruptions, etc.; but such grand and catastrophic phenomena, though serving to reveal to our supposed Lilliputians the existence of combustion, would be ill suited for quiet investigation into its conditions and products. Moreover, considering the impossibility they would experience of pouring water from one test tube to another, the ordinary operations of analytical chemistry and of all manipulations depending on the use of the pneumatic trough would remain forever a sealed book.

“Popular imagination presupposes spiritual beings to be utterly independent of gravitation, while retaining shapes and proportions which gravitation originally determined, and only gravitation seems likely to maintain.
When and if spiritual beings make themselves visible either to our bodily eyes or to our inward vision, their object would be thwarted were they not to appear in a recognizable form; so that their appearance would take the shape of the body and clothing to which we have been accustomed.”

Address to the Society for Psychical Research (1897)
Contexto: Popular imagination presupposes spiritual beings to be utterly independent of gravitation, while retaining shapes and proportions which gravitation originally determined, and only gravitation seems likely to maintain.
When and if spiritual beings make themselves visible either to our bodily eyes or to our inward vision, their object would be thwarted were they not to appear in a recognizable form; so that their appearance would take the shape of the body and clothing to which we have been accustomed. Materiality, form, and space, I am constrained to believe, are temporary conditions of our present existence. It is difficult to conceive the idea of a spiritual being having a body like ours, conditioned by the exact gravitating force exerted by the earth, and with organs which presuppose the need for food and necessity for the removal of waste products. It is equally difficult, hemmed in and bound round as we are by materialistic ideas, to think of intelligence, thought, and will existing without form or matter and untrammeled by gravitation or space.

“I will point out a curious, inveterate, and widespread illusion — the illusion that our earthly bodies are a kind of norm of humanity, so that ethereal bodies, if such there be, must correspond to them in shape and size.”

Address to the Society for Psychical Research (1897)
Contexto: I will point out a curious, inveterate, and widespread illusion — the illusion that our earthly bodies are a kind of norm of humanity, so that ethereal bodies, if such there be, must correspond to them in shape and size.
When we take a physical view of a human being in his highest form of development, he is seen to consist essentially of a thinking brain, the brain itself, among its manifold functions, being a transformer whereby intelligent will power is enabled to react on matter. To communicate with the external world, the brain requires organs by which it can be transported from place to place, and other organs by means of which energy is supplied to replace that expended in the exercise of its own special functions.

“I shall try to utilize this temper of mind today by clearing away, so far as I can, certain presuppositions, on one side or on the other, which seem to me to depend upon a too hasty assumption that we know more about the universe than as yet we really can know.”

Address to the Society for Psychical Research (1897)
Contexto: I am not disposed to bewail the limitations imposed by human ignorance. On the contrary, I feel ignorance is a healthful stimulant; and my enforced conviction that neither I nor anyone can possibly lay down beforehand what does not exist in the universe, or even what is not going on all round us everyday of our lives, leaves me with a cheerful hope that something very new and very arresting may turn up anywhere at any minute. … I shall try to utilize this temper of mind today by clearing away, so far as I can, certain presuppositions, on one side or on the other, which seem to me to depend upon a too hasty assumption that we know more about the universe than as yet we really can know.