Frases de Michel Foucault

Paul-Michel Foucault , fue un filósofo, historiador, sociólogo y psicólogo francés. Fue profesor en varias universidades francesas y estadounidenses y catedrático de Historia de los sistemas de pensamiento en el Collège de France , en reemplazo de la cátedra de Historia del pensamiento filosófico, que ocupó hasta su muerte Jean Hyppolite. El 12 de abril de 1970, la asamblea general de profesores del Collége de France eligió a Michel Foucault, que por entonces tenía 43 años, como titular de la nueva cátedra. Su trabajo ha influido en importantes personalidades de las ciencias sociales y las humanidades.

Foucault es conocido principalmente por sus estudios críticos de las instituciones sociales, en especial la psiquiatría, la medicina, las ciencias humanas, el sistema de prisiones, así como por su trabajo sobre la historia de la sexualidad humana. Sus análisis sobre el poder y las relaciones entre poder, conocimiento y discurso han sido ampliamente debatidos. En los años sesenta, Foucault estuvo asociado al estructuralismo, un movimiento del que se distanció más adelante, aunque haya usado de un modo personal los métodos de dicho enfoque: Las palabras y las cosas puede entenderse como una crítica a la pretensión sígnica, dejando de lado su interés por las condiciones de modificación histórica del sentido.[1]​ En ulteriores trabajos y cursos desarrolló conceptos como biopoder y biopolítica,[2]​ de especial relevancia en la obra de pensadores políticos contemporáneos como Antonio Negri,[3]​ Michael Hardt,[3]​ Giorgio Agamben y Roberto Esposito.[4]​

Foucault rechazó las etiquetas de posestructuralista y posmoderno, que le eran aplicadas habitualmente, prefiriendo clasificar su propio pensamiento como una crítica histórica de la modernidad con raíces en Immanuel Kant. En el texto «¿Qué es la ilustración?» definió mejor su proyecto teórico como una ontología crítica de la actualidad siguiendo la impronta kantiana.

Fue influido profundamente por la filosofía alemana, en especial por la obra de Friedrich Nietzsche. Precisamente, su «genealogía del conocimiento» es una alusión directa a la idea nietzscheana de «la genealogía de la moral». En una de sus últimas entrevistas afirmaría: «Soy un nietzscheano».[5]​ Reconocería también una deuda con el pensamiento de Martin Heidegger y sus críticas al sujeto cartesiano y la techné occidental: «Heidegger ha sido un filósofo esencial para mí», declararía en junio de 1984,[6]​ aunque criticaría varias veces posiciones esenciales de Heidegger tales como su interpretación de la historia de la verdad en occidente como un olvido del ser.[7]​

En el año 2007 Foucault fue considerado por el The Times Higher Education Guide como el autor más citado del mundo en el ámbito de humanidades en dicho año.[8]​ Foucault murió en París de complicaciones por VIH. Su pareja, Daniel Defert, comenzó la fundación AIDES en su honor. Wikipedia  

✵ 15. octubre 1926 – 25. junio 1984
Michel Foucault Foto

Obras

Michel Foucault: 161   frases 46   Me gusta

Frases célebres de Michel Foucault

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“No me pregunten quién soy, ni me pidan que siga siendo el mismo.”

Fuente: Arqueología del saber.

Michel Foucault Frases y Citas

“Foucault —siempre hablando de aquellos tres «fundadores de discurso»— dice que Marx no se limita a interpretar a la sociedad burguesa, sino a la interpretación burguesa de la sociedad (por eso El capital no es una economía política, sino una crítica de la economía política); que Freud no interpreta el sueño del paciente, sino el relato que el paciente hace de su sueño (y que ya constituye, desde luego, una «interpretación», en el sentido vulgar o «silvestre»); que Nietzsche no interpreta a la moral de Occidente, sino al discurso que Occidente ha construido sobre la moral (por eso hace una genealogía de la moral). Se trata, siempre, de una interpretación que hace ver que esos discursos que examina son, justamente, interpretaciones —«producciones» de sentido— y no meros objetos complicados a descifrar, con un sentido dado desde siempre que sólo se trata de re-descubrir. Lo que hacen los tres, nuevamente es intervenir sobre una construcción simbólica no para mostrar su transparencia originaria, sino al revés, para producirla como opacidad; no para descifrarla, sino al revés, para otorgarle su carácter de cifra, su «artificialidad», es decir, para desnaturalizarla en su función de «sentido común», y para desnaturalizar, también, la relación de ese discurso con los sujetos que ha producido como soportes de su propia reproducción. Se trata, en fin, de quebrar esa armonía y ese bienestar, de transformar al sujeto, mediante la interpretación, en insoportable para su propio discurso y quizá dejarlo, momentáneamente, sin palabras.”

نیچه , فروید , مارکس

“Lo que también me parece interesante y durante mucho tiempo representó un problema para mí es que, una vez más, no encontramos simplemente en el plano del Estado socialista ese mismo funcionamiento del racismo, sino también en las diferentes formas de análisis o proyectos socialistas, a lo largo de todo el siglo XIX, y, me parece alrededor de esto: en el fondo, cada vez que un socialismo insistió, sobre todo, en la transformación y paso del Estado capitalista al Estado socialista (en otras palabras, cada vez que buscó el principio de la transformación en el nivel de los procesos económicos), no necesitó el racismo, al menos en lo inmediato. En cambio, en todos los momentos en que el socialismo se vio obligado a insistir en el problema de la lucha, la lucha contra el enemigo, la eliminación del adversario dentro mismo de la sociedad capitalista; cuando se trata por consiguiente, de pensar el enfrentamiento físico con el adversario de clase en la sociedad capitalista, el racismo resurgió, porque era la única manera que tenía un pensamiento socialista, que de todas formas estaba muy ligado al tema del biopoder, de pensar la razón de matar al adversario. Cuando se trata simplemente de eliminarlo económicamente, de hacerle perder sus privilegios, el racismo no hace falta. Pero desde el momento en que hay que pensar que vamos a estar frente a frente, y que será preciso combatirlo físicamente, arriesgar la vida y procurar matarlo, el racismo es necesario”

É Preciso Defender a Sociedade. Curso no Collège de France, 1976

“Es feo ser digno de castigo, pero poco glorioso castigar.”

Fuente: Vigilar y castigar.

“Todo el pensamiento moderno es permeado por la idea de pensar lo imposible.”

quinta conferencia dictada en la universidad de Río de Janeiro (25 de mayo de 1973).
Fuente: La verdad y las formas jurídicas.

“Donde hay poder, hay resistencia…”

Foucault, Historia de la sexualidad: Vol. 1: La voluntad de saber, p. 116.
Citado en Foucault y el cuidado de la libertad (2008)
Fuente: Castro Orellana, Rodrigo. Foucault y el cuidado de la libertad, p. 445. Lom Ediciones, 2008. https://books.google.es/books?id=Tf3TIzEotLQC&pg=PA445&dq=Donde+hay+poder,+hay+resistencia%C2%BB&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiS9I-zv53iAhWGxYUKHUVdC2QQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Donde%20hay%20poder%2C%20hay%20resistencia%C2%BB&f=false En Google Books. Consultado el 15 de mayo de 2019.

Michel Foucault: Frases en inglés

“Where there is power, there is resistance.”

Fuente: The History of Sexuality, Volume 1: An Introduction

“But the guilty person is only one of the targets of punishment. For punishment is directed above all at others, at all the potentially guilty.”

Michel Foucault libro Vigilar y castigar. Nacimiento de la prisión

Fuente: Discipline and Punish (1977), Chapter Three, The Gentle Way in Punishment
Contexto: This, then, is how one must imagine the punitive city. At the crossroads, in the gardens, at the side of roads being repaired or bridges built, in workshops open to all, in the depths of mines that may be visited, will be hundreds of tiny theatres of punishment. Each crime will have its law; each criminal his punishment. It will be a visible punishment, a punishment that tells all, that explains, justifies itself, convicts: placards, different-coloured caps bearing inscriptions, posters, symbols, texts read or printed, tirelessly repeat the code. Scenery, perspectives, optical effects, trompe-l’œil sometimes magnify the scene, making it more fearful than it is, but also clearer. From where the public is sitting, it is possible to believe in the existence of certain cruelties which, in fact, do not take place. But the essential point, in all these real or magnified severities, is that they should all, according to a strict economy, teach a lesson: that each punishment should be a fable. And that, in counterpoint with all the direct examples of virtue, one may at each moment encounter, as a living spectacle, the misfortunes of vice. Around each of these moral ‘representations’, schoolchildren will gather with their masters and adults will learn what lessons to teach their offspring. The great terrifying ritual of the public execution gives way, day after day, street after street, to this serious theatre, with its multifarious and persuasive scenes. And popular memory will reproduce in rumour the austere discourse of the law. But perhaps it will be necessary, above these innumerable spectacles and narratives, to place the major sign of punishment for the most terrible of crimes: the keystone of the penal edifice.

“There is no power relation without the correlative constitution of a field of knowledge, nor any knowledge that does not presuppose and constitute at the same time power relations”

Michel Foucault libro Vigilar y castigar. Nacimiento de la prisión

Discipline and Punish (1977)
Fuente: Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison

“The soul is the effect and instrument of a political anatomy; the soul is the prison of the body”

Michel Foucault libro Vigilar y castigar. Nacimiento de la prisión

Discipline and Punish (1977)
Contexto: The man described for us, whom we are invited to free, is already in himself the effect of a subjection much more profound than himself. A 'soul' inhabits him and brings him to existence... the soul is the effect and instrument of political anatomy; the soul is the prison of the body.
Contexto: But let there be no misunderstanding: it is not that a real man, the object of knowledge, philosophical reflection or technological intervention, has been substituted for the soul, the illusion of theologians. The man described for us, whom we are invited to free, is already in himself the effect of a subjection more profound than himself. A 'soul' inhabits him and brings him to existence, which is itself a factor in the mastery that power exercises over the body. The soul is the effect and instrument of a political anatomy; the soul is the prison of the body.

“Knowledge is not for knowing: knowledge is for cutting.”

Variante: Knowledge is not made for understanding; it is made for cutting.
Fuente: The Foucault Reader: An Introduction to Foucault's Thought

“The 'Enlightenment', which discovered the liberties, also invented the disciplines.”

Michel Foucault libro Vigilar y castigar. Nacimiento de la prisión

Discipline and Punish (1977)
Fuente: Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison

“In short, penal reform was born at the point of junction between the struggle against the super-power of the sovereign and that against the infra-power of acquired and tolerated illegalities.”

Michel Foucault libro Vigilar y castigar. Nacimiento de la prisión

Fuente: Discipline and Punish (1977), Chapter Two, Generalized Punishment, pp.87
Contexto: It proved necessary, therefore, to control these illicit practices and introduce new legislation to cover them. The offenses had to be properly defined and more surely punished; out of this mass of irregularities, sometimes tolerated and sometimes punished with a severity out of all proportion to the offense, one had to determine what was an intolerable offense, and the offenders had to be apprehended and punished. With the new forms of capital accumulation, new relations of production and the new legal status of property, all the popular practices that belonged, either in a silent, everyday, tolerated form, or in a violent form, to the illegality of rights were reduced by force to an illegality of property. In that movement which transformed a society of juridico-political levies into a society of the appropriation of the means and products of labour, theft tended to become the first of the great loopholes in legality. Or, to put it another way, the economy of illegalities was restructured with the development of capitalist society. The illegality of property was separated from the illegality of rights. This distinction represents a class opposition because, on the one hand, the illegality that was to be most accessible to the lower classes was that of property – the violent transfer of ownership – and because, on the other, the bourgeoisie was to reserve to itself the illegality of rights: the possibility of getting round its own regulations and its own laws, of ensuring for itself an immense sector of economic circulation by a skillful manipulation of gaps in the law – gaps that were foreseen by its silences, or opened up by de facto tolerance. And this great redistribution of illegalities was even to be expressed through a specialization of the legal circuits: for illegalities of property – for theft – there were the ordinary courts and punishments; for the illegalities of rights – fraud, tax evasion, irregular commercial operations – special legal institutions applied with transactions, accommodations, reduced fines, etc. The bourgeoisie reserved to itself the fruitful domain of the illegality of rights. And at the same time as this split was taking place, there emerged the need for a constant policing concerned essentially with this illegality of property. It became necessary to get rid of the old economy of the power to punish, based on the principles of the confused and inadequate multiplicity of authorities, the distribution and concentration of the power correlative with actual inertia and inevitable tolerance, punishments that were spectacular in their manifestations and haphazard in their application. It became necessary to define a strategy and techniques of punishment in which an economy of continuity and permanence would replace that of expenditure and excess. In short, penal reform was born at the point of junction between the struggle against the super-power of the sovereign and that against the infra-power of acquired and tolerated illegalities.

“The soul is the prison of the body.”

Michel Foucault libro Vigilar y castigar. Nacimiento de la prisión

[L]'âme, prison du corps.
Discipline and Punish (1977) as translated by Alan Sheridan, p. 30
Discipline and Punish (1977)

“We must first rid ourselves of the illusion that penality is above all (if not exclusively) a means of reducing crime and that, in this role, according to the social forms, the political systems or beliefs, it may be severe or lenient, tend towards expiation of obtaining redress, towards the pursuit of individuals or the attribution of collective responsibility.”

Michel Foucault libro Vigilar y castigar. Nacimiento de la prisión

Fuente: Discipline and Punish (1977), Chapter One, The body of the condemned, pp. 24
Contexto: We must first rid ourselves of the illusion that penality is above all (if not exclusively) a means of reducing crime and that, in this role, according to the social forms, the political systems or beliefs, it may be severe or lenient, tend towards expiation of obtaining redress, towards the pursuit of individuals or the attribution of collective responsibility. We must analyse rather the ‘concrete systems of punishment’, study them as social phenomena that cannot be accounted for by the juridical structure of society alone, nor by its fundamental ethical choices; we must situate them in their field of operation, in which the punishment of crime is not the sole element; we must show that punitive measures are not simply ‘negative’ mechanisms that make it possible to repress, to prevent, to exclude, to eliminate; but that they are linked to a whole series of positive and useful effects which it is their task to support (and, in this sense, although legal punishment is carried out in order to punish offences, one might say that the definition of offences and their prosecution are carried out in turn in order to maintain the punitive mechanisms and their functions).

“The fear before the absolute limit of death becomes interiorised in a continual process of ironisation. Fear was disarmed in advance, made derisory by being tamed and rendered banal, and constantly paraded in the spectacle of life. Suddenly, it was there to be discerned in the mannerisms, failings and vices of normal people. Death as the destruction of all things no longer had meaning when life was revealed to be a fatuous sequence of empty words, the hollow jingle of a jester’s cap and bells. The death’s head showed itself to be a vessel already empty, for madness was the being-already-there of death.”

Part One: 1. Stultifera Navis
History of Madness (1961)
Contexto: From the knowledge of that fatal necessity that reduces man to dust we pass to a contemptuous contemplation of the nothingness that is life itself. The fear before the absolute limit of death becomes interiorised in a continual process of ironisation. Fear was disarmed in advance, made derisory by being tamed and rendered banal, and constantly paraded in the spectacle of life. Suddenly, it was there to be discerned in the mannerisms, failings and vices of normal people. Death as the destruction of all things no longer had meaning when life was revealed to be a fatuous sequence of empty words, the hollow jingle of a jester’s cap and bells. The death’s head showed itself to be a vessel already empty, for madness was the being-already-there of death. Death’s conquered presence, sketched out in these everyday signs, showed not only that its reign had already begun, but also that its prize was a meagre one. Death unmasked the mask of life, and nothing more: to show the skull beneath the skin it had no need to remove beauty or truth, but merely to remove the plaster or the tawdry clothes. The carnival mask and the cadaver share the same fixed smile. But the laugh of madness is an anticipation of the rictus grin of death, and the fool, that harbinger of the macabre, draws death’s sting.

“Unreason is to reason as dazzlement is to daylight.”

Part Two: 2. The Transcendence of Delirium
History of Madness (1961)
Contexto: To say that madness is dazzlement is to say that the madman sees the day, the same day that rational men see, as both live in the same light, but that when looking at that very light, nothing else and nothing in it, he sees it as nothing but emptiness, night and nothingness. Darkness for him is another way of seeing the day. Which means that in looking at the night and the nothingness of the night, he does not see at all. And that in the belief that he sees, he allows the fantasies of his imagination and the people of his nights to come to him as realities. For that reason, delirium and dazzlement exist in a relation that is the essence of madness, just as truth and clarity, in their fundamental relation, are constitutive of classical reason.
In that sense, the Cartesian progression of doubt is clearly the great exorcism of madness. Descartes closes his eyes and ears the better to see the true light of the essential day, thereby ensuring that he will not suffer the dazzlement of the mad, who open their eyes and only see night, and not seeing at all, believe that they see things when they imagine them. In the uniform clarity of his closed senses, Descartes has broken with all possible fascination, and if he sees, he knows he really sees what he is seeing. Whereas in the madman’s gaze, drunk on the light that is night, images rise up and multiply, beyond any possible self-criticism, since the madman sees them, but irremediably separated from being, since the madman sees nothing.
Unreason is to reason as dazzlement is to daylight.

“Meaning was no longer read in an immediate perception, and accordingly objects ceased to speak directly: between the knowledge that animated the figures of objects and the forms they were transformed into, a divide began to appear, opening the way for a symbolism more often associated with the world of dreams.”

Part One: 1. Stultifera Navis
History of Madness (1961)
Contexto: Meaning created links so numerous, so rich and involved that only esoteric knowledge could possibly have the necessary key. Objects became so weighed down with attributes, connections and associations that they lost their own original face. Meaning was no longer read in an immediate perception, and accordingly objects ceased to speak directly: between the knowledge that animated the figures of objects and the forms they were transformed into, a divide began to appear, opening the way for a symbolism more often associated with the world of dreams.

“One thing is certain: the link between water and madness is deeply rooted in the dream of the Western man.”

Part One: 1. Stultifera Navis
History of Madness (1961)
Contexto: Water and navigation had that role to play. Locked in the ship from which he could not escape, the madman was handed over to the thousand-armed river, to the sea where all paths cross, and the great uncertainty that surrounds all things. A prisoner in the midst of the ultimate freedom, on the most open road of all, chained solidly to the infinite crossroads. He is the Passenger par excellence, the prisoner of the passage. It is not known where he will land, and when he lands, he knows not whence he came. His truth and his home are the barren wasteland between two lands that can never be his own. […] One thing is certain: the link between water and madness is deeply rooted in the dream of the Western man.

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