Frases de Robert Sapolsky

Robert Sapolsky Maurice es un científico y escritor estadounidense. En la actualidad es profesor de ciencias biológicas y neurología en la Universidad de Stanford. Además, es investigador asociado en el Museo Nacional de Kenia.

✵ 6. abril 1957   •   Otros nombres 羅伯·薩普羅斯基, رابرت ساپولسکی, Ռոբերտ Սապոլսկի
Robert Sapolsky Foto
Robert Sapolsky: 39   frases 5   Me gusta

Frases célebres de Robert Sapolsky

“La naturaleza de nuestra naturaleza (humana) es no estar particularmente restringidos por ella”

documental Zeitgeist: Moving Forward 38:30-38:33 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Z9WVZddH9w&t=38m29s
The nature of our nature is not to be particularly constrained by our nature

“Es prácticamente imposible entender como funciona la biología fuera del contexto del entorno”

documental Zeitgeist: Moving Forward 10:20-10:25 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Z9WVZddH9w&t=10m20s
It is virtually impossible to understand how biology works outside of the context of environment

“La conexión entre la salud y la pobreza no se da por ser pobre, sino por sentirse pobre”

documental Zeitgeist: Moving Forward 86:24-86:26 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Z9WVZddH9w&t=86m24s
The health connection with poverty it's not about being poor it's about feeling poor

“Los cazadores y recolectores tienen miles de fuentes de alimento para subsistir. La agricultura cambió todo eso, generando una dependencia absoluta de unas docenas de fuentes alimenticias. La agricultura permitió el almacenamiento de recursos excedentes y por ende, inevitablemente, el almacenamiento desigual de los mismos, la estratificación de la sociedad y la invención de las clases. Así, ha permitido la invención de la pobreza”

conferencia "Patología social" 22:19-22:46 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D0zy_FuJqNA&t=22m19s
Hunter-Gatherers have thousands of wild sources of food to subsist on. Agriculture changed all of that, generating an overwhelming reliance on a few dozen food sources. Agriculture allowed for the stockpiling of surplus resources and thus, inevitably, the unequal stockpiling of them stratification of society and the invention of classes. Thus, it has allowed for the invention of poverty
Atribuidas

Frases de vida de Robert Sapolsky

“El patrón de la apertura a la experiencia ya había sido estudiado. (…) Una característica era la juventud asociada al proceso creativo. Algunas profesiones se construyen exclusivamente sobre los avances creativos de niños prodigio (como por ejemplo, las matemáticas). Otras son menos extremas del mismo patrón: el número de melodías anuales de un compositor, los poemas de un poeta, los descubrimientos nuevos de un científico marcan un declive general pasado cierto pico de relativa juventud.

Las grandes mentes creativas no sólo suelen generar cada vez menos descubrimientos a medida que pasa el tiempo, sino que están menos abiertas a aceptar los inventos de otros. (…) Como señaló el físico Max Planck, generaciones enteras de científicos sólidamente establecidos nunca aceptan las teorías nuevas, se mueren antes. (…) La estrechez mental da como resultado a un revolucionario envejecido que rechaza precisamente lo que debería haber sido la extensión lógica de su propia revolución.

Tenemos el surgimiento de una pauta consistente: a medida que envejecemos, la mayoría de nosotros (los científicos de más edad fustigando a sus discípulos descarriados, la persona que pasa el día en el coche para ir a trabajar tratando de sintonizar en la radio una emisora que ponga una canción familiar) estamos menos abiertos a las novedades que otros.
(…)
Como la neurobiología no era gran de ayuda en el tema (no existe una región específica de apertura, y la neurogénesis se produce a lo largo de toda la vida, en mayor o menor cantidad), recurrí a la psicología. La producción creativa y la apertura a los nuevos inventos de otros está distorsionda por un factor: no se puede predecir el declive por la edad de la persona, sino por cuánto tiempo haya trabajado en una determinada disciplina. (…) No se trata de edad cronológica, sino de edad "disciplinaria": los eruditos que cambian de disciplina parecen rejuvenecer su apertura mental ante lo novedoso.”

Monkeyluv: And Other Essays on Our Lives as Animals

“Quería probar si existen ciertas ventanas temporales de maduración netamente definidas durante las cuales formamos nuestros gustos culturales (…) en concreto, si existe una edad determinada a la que las ventanas de apertura se cierran por completo.

Mientras un CD con éxitos de Wagner tocados con ukelele atronaba junto a mi oficina, me preguntaba: ¿cuándo se forman nuestros gustos musicales y cuándo dejamos de estar abiertos a escuchar nuevas músicas? Empezamos a llamar a emisoras de radio especializadas en períodos musicales concretos: rock contemporáneo, música de los setenta tipo ""Starway to Heaven"", las emisoras de doo-wop de los cincuenta, etc. ""¿Cuándo fue introducida por primera vez la música que ponéis en vuestro dial? ¿Cuál es la edad media de vuestros oyentes?""

Surgió un patrón claro: no hay muchas personas de 17 años que sintonicen a las Andrew Sisters, en las comunidades de jubilados no se escucha mucho a Rage Against The Machine y los mayores fans de sesenta minutos ininterrumpidos de James Taylor están empezando a llevar vaqueros holgados.
Descubrimos que la mayoría de la gente tenía 20 años o menos cuando decidió qué tipo de música escuchar el resto de su vida. (…) Si tienes más de 35 años cuando se introduce un nuevo tipo de música popular, existe más de un 95% de posibilidades de que nunca elijas escuchar esa música. La ventana se ha cerrado.”

Monkeyluv: And Other Essays on Our Lives as Animals

Robert Sapolsky Frases y Citas

“El sistema entero se tiene que ir. El sistema de justicia moderno es incompatible con la neurociencia. Simplemente no es posible tener a las dos cosas a la vez.”

Extracto de una entrevista de Robert Alda para "Brains on Trial". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-3wZC4ez3Q8&app=desktop
the whole system has to go. The modern criminal justice system is incompatible with neuroscience. It simply is not possible to have the two of them in the same room.

Robert Sapolsky: Frases en inglés

“If a rat is a good model for your emotional life, you're in big trouble.”

Stress, Neurodegeneration and Individual Differences (2001)

“I am a reasonably emotional person, and I see no reason why that's incompatible with being a scientist.”

Emperor Has No Clothes Award acceptance speech (2003)
Contexto: I am a reasonably emotional person, and I see no reason why that's incompatible with being a scientist. Even if we learn about how everything works, that doesn't mean anything at all. You can reduce how an impala leaps to a bunch of biomechanical equations. You can turn Bach into contrapuntal equations, and that doesn't reduce in the slightest our capacity to be moved by a gazelle leaping or Bach thundering. There is no reason to be less moved by nature around us simply because it's revealed to have more layers of complexity than we first observed.
The more important reason why people shouldn't be afraid is, we're never going to inadvertently go and explain everything. We may learn everything about something, and we may learn something about everything, but we're never going to learn everything about everything. When you study science, and especially these realms of the biology of what makes us human, what's clear is that every time you find out something, that brings up ten new questions, and half of those are better questions than you started with.

“I think it will require an enormous reshaping of how we think we deal with the most damaging of human behaviours, because none of it can be thought of outside the context of biology.”

The Neuroscience Behind Behavior (2017)
Contexto: We're only a couple of hundreds of years into understanding that epilepsy is a neurological disease and not a demonic possession. We're only about 50 years into understanding that certain types of learning disabilities are micro malformations in the cortex in people with dyslexia and not laziness or lack of motivation. The vast majority of these factoids [presented in the book] are 10, 20 years old, and all that's gonna happen is we're gonna learn more and more of that stuff. And what we're going to learn more and more is to recognise extents to which we're biological organisms and our behaviours have to be evaluated in that realm. For my money, what that eventually does is make words like "soul" or "evil" utterly absurd and medieval, but it also makes words like "punishment" or "justice" very questionable, as well. I think it will require an enormous reshaping of how we think we deal with the most damaging of human behaviours, because none of it can be thought of outside the context of biology.

“When you look at traditional human society, they all have shamans.”

Emperor Has No Clothes Award acceptance speech (2003)
Contexto: In the 1930s an anthropologist named Paul Radin first described it as "shamans being half mad," shamans being "healed madmen." This fits exactly. It's the shamans who are moving separate from everyone else, living alone, who talk with the dead, who speak in tongues, who go out with the full moon and turn into a hyena overnight, and that sort of stuff. It's the shamans who have all this metamagical thinking. When you look at traditional human society, they all have shamans. What's very clear, though, is they all have a limit on the number of shamans. That is this classic sort of balanced selection of evolution. There is a need for this subtype — but not too many.
The critical thing with schizotypal shamanism is, it is not uncontrolled the way it is in the schizophrenic. This is not somebody babbling in tongues all the time in the middle of the hunt. This is someone babbling during the right ceremony. This is not somebody hearing voices all the time, this is somebody hearing voices only at the right point. It's a milder, more controlled version.
Shamans are not evolutionarily unfit. Shamans are not leaving fewer copies of their genes. These are some of the most powerful, honored members of society. This is where the selection is coming from. … In order to have a couple of shamans on hand in your group, you're willing to put up with the occasional third cousin who's schizophrenic.

“Physiologically, it doesn't come cheap being a bastard 24 hours a day.”

Stress, Neurodegeneration and Individual Differences (2001), Timecode 1:10:10

“This is not seeing the trees instead of the forest, this is seeing the bark on the trees, this very concreteness.”

Emperor Has No Clothes Award acceptance speech (2003)
Contexto: Schizophrenics have a whole lot of trouble telling the level of abstraction of a story. They're always biased in the direction of interpreting things more concretely than is actually the case. You would take a schizopohrenic and say, "Okay, what do apples, bananas and oranges have in common?" and they would say, "They all are multi-syllabic words."
You say "Well, that's true. Do they have anything else in common?" and they say, "Yes, they actually all contain letters that form closed loops."
This is not seeing the trees instead of the forest, this is seeing the bark on the trees, this very concreteness.

“Schizophrenics have a whole lot of trouble telling the level of abstraction of a story. They're always biased in the direction of interpreting things more concretely than is actually the case.”

Emperor Has No Clothes Award acceptance speech (2003)
Contexto: Schizophrenics have a whole lot of trouble telling the level of abstraction of a story. They're always biased in the direction of interpreting things more concretely than is actually the case. You would take a schizopohrenic and say, "Okay, what do apples, bananas and oranges have in common?" and they would say, "They all are multi-syllabic words."
You say "Well, that's true. Do they have anything else in common?" and they say, "Yes, they actually all contain letters that form closed loops."
This is not seeing the trees instead of the forest, this is seeing the bark on the trees, this very concreteness.

“We may learn everything about something, and we may learn something about everything, but we're never going to learn everything about everything.”

Emperor Has No Clothes Award acceptance speech (2003)
Contexto: I am a reasonably emotional person, and I see no reason why that's incompatible with being a scientist. Even if we learn about how everything works, that doesn't mean anything at all. You can reduce how an impala leaps to a bunch of biomechanical equations. You can turn Bach into contrapuntal equations, and that doesn't reduce in the slightest our capacity to be moved by a gazelle leaping or Bach thundering. There is no reason to be less moved by nature around us simply because it's revealed to have more layers of complexity than we first observed.
The more important reason why people shouldn't be afraid is, we're never going to inadvertently go and explain everything. We may learn everything about something, and we may learn something about everything, but we're never going to learn everything about everything. When you study science, and especially these realms of the biology of what makes us human, what's clear is that every time you find out something, that brings up ten new questions, and half of those are better questions than you started with.

“Why do we have schizophrenia in every culture on this planet? From an evolutionary perspective, schizophrenia is not a cool thing to have. … Schizophrenia is not an adaptive trait.”

Emperor Has No Clothes Award acceptance speech (2003)
Contexto: Why do we have schizophrenia in every culture on this planet? From an evolutionary perspective, schizophrenia is not a cool thing to have.... Schizophrenia is not an adaptive trait. You can show this formally: schizophrenics have a lower rate of leaving copies of their genes in the next generation than unaffected siblings. By the rules, by the economics of evolution, this is a maladaptive trait. Yet, it chugs along at a one to two percent rate in every culture on this planet.
So what's the adaptive advantage of schizophrenia? It has to do with a classic truism — this business that sometimes you have a genetic trait which in the full-blown version is a disaster, but the partial version is good news.

“In the 1930s an anthropologist named Paul Radin first described it as "shamans being half mad," shamans being "healed madmen."”

This fits exactly. It's the shamans who are moving separate from everyone else, living alone, who talk with the dead, who speak in tongues, who go out with the full moon and turn into a hyena overnight, and that sort of stuff. It's the shamans who have all this metamagical thinking. When you look at traditional human society, they all have shamans. What's very clear, though, is they all have a limit on the number of shamans. That is this classic sort of balanced selection of evolution. There is a need for this subtype — but not too many.
The critical thing with schizotypal shamanism is, it is not uncontrolled the way it is in the schizophrenic. This is not somebody babbling in tongues all the time in the middle of the hunt. This is someone babbling during the right ceremony. This is not somebody hearing voices all the time, this is somebody hearing voices only at the right point. It's a milder, more controlled version.
Shamans are not evolutionarily unfit. Shamans are not leaving fewer copies of their genes. These are some of the most powerful, honored members of society. This is where the selection is coming from. … In order to have a couple of shamans on hand in your group, you're willing to put up with the occasional third cousin who's schizophrenic.
Emperor Has No Clothes Award acceptance speech (2003)

“Western religions, all the leading religions, have this schizotypalism shot through them from top to bottom.”

Emperor Has No Clothes Award acceptance speech (2003)
Contexto: Western religions, all the leading religions, have this schizotypalism shot through them from top to bottom. It's that same exact principle: it's great having one of these guys, but we sure wouldn't want to have three of them in our tribe. Overdo it, and our schizotypalism in the Western religious setting is what we call a "cult," and there you are in the realm of a Charles Manson or a David Koresh or a Jim Jones. You can only do post-hoc forensic psychiatry on Koresh and Jones, but Charles Manson is a diagnosed paranoid schizophrenic. But get it just right, and people are gonna get the day off from work on your birthday for millennia to come. [laughter] This is great! I think this is the first time I've ever said that line without somebody getting up and leaving in a huff from the audience. It's very nice being here.

“There is a need for this subtype — but not too many.
The critical thing with schizotypal shamanism is, it is not uncontrolled the way it is in the schizophrenic.”

Emperor Has No Clothes Award acceptance speech (2003)
Contexto: In the 1930s an anthropologist named Paul Radin first described it as "shamans being half mad," shamans being "healed madmen." This fits exactly. It's the shamans who are moving separate from everyone else, living alone, who talk with the dead, who speak in tongues, who go out with the full moon and turn into a hyena overnight, and that sort of stuff. It's the shamans who have all this metamagical thinking. When you look at traditional human society, they all have shamans. What's very clear, though, is they all have a limit on the number of shamans. That is this classic sort of balanced selection of evolution. There is a need for this subtype — but not too many.
The critical thing with schizotypal shamanism is, it is not uncontrolled the way it is in the schizophrenic. This is not somebody babbling in tongues all the time in the middle of the hunt. This is someone babbling during the right ceremony. This is not somebody hearing voices all the time, this is somebody hearing voices only at the right point. It's a milder, more controlled version.
Shamans are not evolutionarily unfit. Shamans are not leaving fewer copies of their genes. These are some of the most powerful, honored members of society. This is where the selection is coming from. … In order to have a couple of shamans on hand in your group, you're willing to put up with the occasional third cousin who's schizophrenic.

“In order to have a couple of shamans on hand in your group, you're willing to put up with the occasional third cousin who's schizophrenic.”

Emperor Has No Clothes Award acceptance speech (2003)
Contexto: In the 1930s an anthropologist named Paul Radin first described it as "shamans being half mad," shamans being "healed madmen." This fits exactly. It's the shamans who are moving separate from everyone else, living alone, who talk with the dead, who speak in tongues, who go out with the full moon and turn into a hyena overnight, and that sort of stuff. It's the shamans who have all this metamagical thinking. When you look at traditional human society, they all have shamans. What's very clear, though, is they all have a limit on the number of shamans. That is this classic sort of balanced selection of evolution. There is a need for this subtype — but not too many.
The critical thing with schizotypal shamanism is, it is not uncontrolled the way it is in the schizophrenic. This is not somebody babbling in tongues all the time in the middle of the hunt. This is someone babbling during the right ceremony. This is not somebody hearing voices all the time, this is somebody hearing voices only at the right point. It's a milder, more controlled version.
Shamans are not evolutionarily unfit. Shamans are not leaving fewer copies of their genes. These are some of the most powerful, honored members of society. This is where the selection is coming from. … In order to have a couple of shamans on hand in your group, you're willing to put up with the occasional third cousin who's schizophrenic.

“Shamans are not evolutionarily unfit.”

Emperor Has No Clothes Award acceptance speech (2003)
Contexto: In the 1930s an anthropologist named Paul Radin first described it as "shamans being half mad," shamans being "healed madmen." This fits exactly. It's the shamans who are moving separate from everyone else, living alone, who talk with the dead, who speak in tongues, who go out with the full moon and turn into a hyena overnight, and that sort of stuff. It's the shamans who have all this metamagical thinking. When you look at traditional human society, they all have shamans. What's very clear, though, is they all have a limit on the number of shamans. That is this classic sort of balanced selection of evolution. There is a need for this subtype — but not too many.
The critical thing with schizotypal shamanism is, it is not uncontrolled the way it is in the schizophrenic. This is not somebody babbling in tongues all the time in the middle of the hunt. This is someone babbling during the right ceremony. This is not somebody hearing voices all the time, this is somebody hearing voices only at the right point. It's a milder, more controlled version.
Shamans are not evolutionarily unfit. Shamans are not leaving fewer copies of their genes. These are some of the most powerful, honored members of society. This is where the selection is coming from. … In order to have a couple of shamans on hand in your group, you're willing to put up with the occasional third cousin who's schizophrenic.

“The amazing thing is, nobody knows what the rules are! Talmudic rabbis have been scratching each others' eyes out for centuries arguing over which rules go into the 613. The numbers are more important than the content.”

Emperor Has No Clothes Award acceptance speech (2003)
Contexto: Orthodox Judaism has this amazing set of rules: everyday there's a bunch of strictures of things you're supposed to do, a bunch you're not supposed to do, and the number you're supposed to do is the same number as the number of bones in the body. The number that you're not supposed to do is the same number as the number of days in the year. The amazing thing is, nobody knows what the rules are! Talmudic rabbis have been scratching each others' eyes out for centuries arguing over which rules go into the 613. The numbers are more important than the content. It is sheer numerology.

“The purpose of science in understanding who we are as humans is not to rob us of our sense of mystery, not to cure us of our sense of mystery. The purpose of science is to constantly reinvent and reinvigorate that mystery.”

Emperor Has No Clothes Award acceptance speech (2003)
Contexto: The purpose of science in understanding who we are as humans is not to rob us of our sense of mystery, not to cure us of our sense of mystery. The purpose of science is to constantly reinvent and reinvigorate that mystery. To always use it in a context where we are helping people in trying to resist the forces of ideology that we are all familiar with.

“We are not getting our ulcers being chased by Saber-tooth tigers, we're inventing our social stressors — and if some baboons are good at dealing with this, we should be able to as well. Insofar as we're smart enough to have invented this stuff and stupid enough to fall for it, we have the potential to be wise enough to keep the stuff in perspective.”

Stress, Neurodegeneration and Individual Differences (2001)
Contexto: We are not getting our ulcers being chased by Saber-tooth tigers, we're inventing our social stressors — and if some baboons are good at dealing with this, we should be able to as well. Insofar as we're smart enough to have invented this stuff and stupid enough to fall for it, we have the potential to be wise enough to keep the stuff in perspective. <!-- Timecode 1:18:58

“Well, that's true. Do they have anything else in common?”

Emperor Has No Clothes Award acceptance speech (2003)
Contexto: Schizophrenics have a whole lot of trouble telling the level of abstraction of a story. They're always biased in the direction of interpreting things more concretely than is actually the case. You would take a schizopohrenic and say, "Okay, what do apples, bananas and oranges have in common?" and they would say, "They all are multi-syllabic words."
You say "Well, that's true. Do they have anything else in common?" and they say, "Yes, they actually all contain letters that form closed loops."
This is not seeing the trees instead of the forest, this is seeing the bark on the trees, this very concreteness.

“There is no reason to be less moved by nature around us simply because it's revealed to have more layers of complexity than we first observed.”

Emperor Has No Clothes Award acceptance speech (2003)
Contexto: I am a reasonably emotional person, and I see no reason why that's incompatible with being a scientist. Even if we learn about how everything works, that doesn't mean anything at all. You can reduce how an impala leaps to a bunch of biomechanical equations. You can turn Bach into contrapuntal equations, and that doesn't reduce in the slightest our capacity to be moved by a gazelle leaping or Bach thundering. There is no reason to be less moved by nature around us simply because it's revealed to have more layers of complexity than we first observed.
The more important reason why people shouldn't be afraid is, we're never going to inadvertently go and explain everything. We may learn everything about something, and we may learn something about everything, but we're never going to learn everything about everything. When you study science, and especially these realms of the biology of what makes us human, what's clear is that every time you find out something, that brings up ten new questions, and half of those are better questions than you started with.

“Most of us don't collapse into puddles of stress-related disease.”

Stress, Neurodegeneration and Individual Differences (2001), Timecode 09:28

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